The fiscal year 2024–25 unfolded against a backdrop of heightened global macroeconomic uncertainty, marked by a complex interplay of persistent inflation, diverging monetary policy stances, and rising geopolitical and trade tensions. The anticipated disinflationary path in advanced economies proved uneven, delaying rate cuts and keeping global yields elevated for much of the year. While the US economy remained resilient, underpinned by strong consumption and labour market strength, the final quarter saw renewed volatility amid US tariff announcements and policy uncertainty in general, growing concerns over fiscal sustainability, and importantly, renewed weakness in the dollar. Mr Trump, absent in the opening act of the fiscal year, played the starring role towards the end. China staged a notable recovery, buoyed by targeted policy support, improved credit conditions, a resurgence in strategic sectors like AI and lastly, accelerated export orders, while Japan attracted renewed investor interest following its exit from negative interest rates. These developments, alongside the fragmentation of global trade architecture and the reconfiguration of supply chains, had significant spillovers for emerging markets—including India—through capital flows, commodity price volatility, and shifts in investor risk appetite. A sudden escalation in global trade tensions marked a defining moment early in April 2025, with the US announcing sweeping tariffs on 57 countries—only to pause and then intensify measures against China. The episode has drawn comparisons with the Smoot-Hawley Act, raising concerns over a repeat of interwar-style protectionism, though narratives lie between realignment of trade practices and great power competition, a theme we have pointed to in earlier issues of the Pulse. Inevitably, IMF and WTO projections point to a sharp hit to global growth and trade in 2025– 26, while inflation risks have risen. For India, the direct impact is expected to be limited, with various estimates suggesting a decline of 0.2–0.3pp in FY26 GDP growth. Ongoing bilateral engagements could help cushion spillovers. However, financial markets remain cautious, with global indices yet to recover fully, and the lingering uncertainty likely to weigh on global economic momentum, investor sentiment, and policymaking. For details, refer to our Chart of the month section. Our Story of the month takes a deep dive into gold’s resurgence in a fragmenting world. The year FY25 saw gold emerging as the best performing asset, rising 41% in dollar terms. In the long horizons, however, Indian equities have delivered better returns, reinforcing their role as a wealth-building asset. Global gold demand hit a 15-year high in FY25, driven by sustained central bank buying and strong investment demand amid rising uncertainty. India also deepened its financialised gold ecosystem over the last few years via ETFs and Sovereign Gold Bonds. The RBI was the third largest official buyer of gold over the last three- and five-year periods, with gold now comprising over 11% of India’s FX reserves. With geopolitical and economic uncertainty persisting, core drivers of gold demand remain intact. Central banks are expected to stay key structural buyers as reserve strategies adapt to a fragmented global order. Global equities delivered mixed returns in FY25, marked by elevated global uncertainty, sharp sector rotations, and divergent regional performances. The US outperformed for most of the year on the back of large-cap tech gains, before sentiment weakened in Q4 amid renewed tariff concerns. Emerging markets largely underperformed due to capital outflows and weak external demand, except China, which rebounded strongly on policy support, improved credit flows, attractive valuations, and AI-led optimism. Developed market equities (MSCI World) rose 5.6%, while the MSCI EM Index posted similar gains—driven mainly by China and India. Global fixed income market also had a turbulent ride last fiscal year, shaped by shifting rate expectations and persistent inflation. Strong US data early in the year delayed rate cuts, pushing the 10-year yield above 5% in October 2024 and triggering risk aversion. By early 2025, disinflation and softer growth prompted a dovish pivot by major central banks. Yields eased across the US and Europe, while Japan ended its negative interest rate regime after 17 years, though policy remained broadly accommodative. Indian equities closed FY25 in the green, despite a sharp correction from October to February triggered by elevated valuations and sustained foreign outflows. A strong rebound in the final two months, supported by solid macro fundamentals and renewed FPI interest, lifted the Nifty 50 to a 5.3% annual gain. Over the past 20 years, the Nifty 50 has delivered a 13% annualized return—well above the MSCI World (5.9%) and MSCI EM (3.5%). India’s bond market also remained largely resilient in FY25, supported by anchored inflation, a stable RBI policy stance, improving fiscal fundamentals, and India’s inclusion in JP Morgan’s GBI-EM Index. Consequently, the 10-year G-sec yield ended the year 47 bps lower at 6.6%. More details in our Market Roundup section. Despite global headwinds, India remained the fastest-growing major economy in FY25, with growth estimate for FY26 holding above 6% (RBI: 6.5%, World Bank: 6.3%, OECD: 6.4%) despite modest downgrades. Inflation moderated sharply, averaging at a six-year low of 4.6% in FY25—with March CPI falling to 3.3%. The external sector stayed stable, with CAD contained at 1.1% of GDP in Q3 FY25 and net services exports hitting a record US$189 bn in FY25. Fiscal consolidation progressed well, and high-frequency indicators pointed to robust domestic momentum. With inflation easing and risks to growth emerging, the RBI turned accommodative—cutting rates by 50bps in 2025 thus far—and signalled further easing ahead, supported by a favourable monsoon outlook. Market activity softened in the second half of FY25, reflecting the broader equity sell-off, with average daily turnover declining across both cash and derivatives segments. However, on a full-year basis, activity remained strong relative to FY24. This was evident in: (a) a surge in registered investors to 11.3 crore by March 2025—adding 2.1 crore during the year, with key milestones at 10 crore (Aug ’24) and 11 crore (Jan ’25); (b) record net inflows of US$71.8 bn (Rs 6.1 lakh crore) by DIIs; (c) a 38% rise in average daily turnover in the cash segment; and (d) addition of over 4 crore new demat accounts—the highest ever in a single year. Total fund mobilisation rose 35% to Rs18.7 lakh crore, with equity IPOs hitting a record Rs1.7 lakh crore. Overall equity mobilisation, including follow-on offerings, more than doubled to Rs4.3 lakh crore. Despite these strong headline numbers, market participation remained highly skewed—over 90% of investors in the cash segment accounted for just 2.2% of turnover, while 73% of options traders contributed only 2.3% of premium turnover in March 2025. As we step into FY2025–26, the global economy continues to navigate an uncertain equilibrium, with markets finely attuned to inflation trajectories, monetary policy pivots, trade disruptions, and geopolitical realignments. Persistent macroeconomic fragilities, alongside the accelerating race for technological dominance—particularly in areas like artificial intelligence and green energy—are reshaping global investment flows and supply chains. In this evolving landscape, India’s stable macro fundamentals, large and growing domestic market, and expanding technology and services footprint position it as a critical node in the next phase of global realignment. Strategic initiatives to strengthen digital public infrastructure, supply-chain capabilities, and financial resilience further enhance India's attractiveness. In the rush by countries for deals before the US tariff break ends in early July, some interesting arrangements are becoming visible. For instance, while 70%+ of iPhones sold in India are assembled locally, 100% of iPhones sold in the US may be assembled in India by next year, as per media reports. As economic, technological, and strategic considerations increasingly converge, India’s ability to build trusted, scalable systems and maintain policy agility will be pivotal in shaping its role in an emerging, multipolar world.  

The last few weeks have brought global trade front and centre, with the US announcing a flurry of tariff hikes on several countries for reorientation towards more favourable trade agreements, leverage in deal negotiations, and anticipated higher revenues for strained fiscal balances. As we write, more tariffs are being considered across products by the world’s largest consumer economy, starting early next month. Trade allows economies to leverage on their comparative advantage, leading to efficiency gains, we learnt in school. Countries specialise in producing goods where they have a lower opportunity cost, resulting in lower prices, higher efficiency and overall, increased global output. It allows firms to access markets beyond their local geographies, encouraging investment in R&D, innovation and economies of scale. Open trade also leads to technology diffusion and productivity spillovers, from advanced to developing economies, through cross-border FDI and supply chains. A better allocation of financial and physical capital leads to increased overall, global output, and increasing resilience to demand and supply shocks at the same time. A quick glance at global trade share of GDP shows a rising trend since the 70s all the way to the 2008 Global Financial Crisis. During this period, the global economy benefitted from trade. The East Asian economies are examples of how export-led growth lifted millions out of poverty. Since 2008, however, global trade share of GDP, expressed as total of exports and imports, has stagnated at ~55-60%, and is also more volatile. It rose sharply after the GFC, only to taper off over the next decade. The post-pandemic recovery led renewed hopes, with the 2022 figure of 62.8% the highest since 2008. Spoken too soon, perhaps; the situation is unlikely to improve anytime soon. Global trade, like all commerce in general, depends on fair practices, transparent and safe markets. Despite its evident appeal, it is also secondary to national interests. Our Story of the Month explores what could be one of the defining macro themes of our time: the evolving landscape of global trade. A key growth engine, global trade expanded at a 4.9?GR to US$31.6 tn between 2005 and 2023, driven by globalization and supply chain integration. Services trade outpaced merchandise trade, reflecting the rising role of finance, travel, and outsourcing. However, merchandise trade growth slowed in the last decade due to protectionism and geopolitical shifts. With services now comprising nearly a quarter of global trade, policy responses will be critical to navigate rising trade uncertainty. After a strong start to the new year, global equity markets lost momentum in February and remained jittery in March, as investors grappled with rising geopolitical uncertainty, escalating trade tensions and growing stagflation concerns. The MSCI World Index fell 0.8% in February and a further 1.5% in March to date, dragged down by a sharp sell-off in U.S. equities. China stood out as a bright spot—MSCI China surged 11.8% in February and extended gains by 3.1% in March (As of March 25th, 2025), driven by a potent mix of AI-fueled optimism, tech sector momentum and anticipation of policy support. This strength helped emerging markets outperform developed peers, with MSCI EM up 0.4% in February and 2.9% MTD in March, with the latter also supported by a rebound in Indian equities. Global fixed income markets also remained volatile in February but ended the month in positive territory, amid regional divergences. Unfavorable growth-inflation dynamics, along with trade uncertainty, drove a risk-off sentiment, pulling bond yields lower in the US and EU, while bond yields in Japan rose amid persistent inflation and a hawkish BoJ. Indian equities extended their correction in February, posting a fifth straight month of losses and underperforming broader EM peers. Weak global cues, growth concerns, and stretched valuations triggered sharp FPI outflows—totaling US$27.2 bn between October and March 25 th, 2025, the steepest in any comparable period. In contrast, DIIs remained steady buyers for the 20th month in a row, with net inflows of Rs6 lakh crore this fiscal. A rebound took shape in March, aided by improved valuations, a dovish Fed, and rupee strength—the Nifty 50 bounced back 7% MTD (as of March 25th , 2025) after a 5.9% drop in February. Mid and small caps lagged sharply, plunging 10.6% and 12.7%, respectively, in February. The INR gained 2% in March, emerging as one of Asia’s best-performing currencies, buoyed by renewed FPI inflows (US$1.7 bn in the third week). This, along with valuation gain, resulted in forex reserves rising by US$15.6 bn in the first half of March, reaching a three-month high of US$654 bn. India’s macro story remained resilient, with Q3 GDP rebounding to 6.2% and full-year growth revised up to 6.5%. Highfrequency indicators—E-way bills, GST, and toll collections—suggest solid momentum in Q4. Retail inflation eased to a seven-month low of 3.6% YoY in February on softer food prices, reinforcing a favourable outlook that strengthens the case for rate cuts in FY26. India also posted its first overall trade surplus since May 2021, driven by robust services exports and a sharp fall in merchandise imports. Despite global headwinds, macro fundamentals remain strong, with stable inflation, improving external balances, and resilient demand. FY26 growth is projected between 6.3–6.8% by various domestic and multilateral agencies. In this edition of NSE Market Pulse, we also analyse the rise of corporate giants with market caps over Rs 1 lakh crore, which have grown from just one in 2000 to 81 today. These large-caps now account for nearly 60% of total market capitalization, up from less than 20% two decades ago. We also examine how these firms have evolved in terms of profits, valuations, revenues, and assets. For details, refer to our Chart of the Month section. Market activity softened in February, mirroring the broader equity sell-off, with average daily turnover declining across both equity cash and derivatives segments. This was reflected in (a) new investor additions falling to 11 lakh in February 2025, well below the previous 10-month average of 19 lakh; and a drop in active traders—111 lakh in equity cash and 33 lakh in derivatives—compared to an average of 144 lakh and 45 lakh, respectively, during April–Jan’25; (b) a marginal dip in SIP inflows; and (c) demat account additions sliding to a 21-month low of 23 lakh. Fund mobilization through equities averaged ~Rs17,000 crore in the first two months of 2025, sharply lower than the Rs42,000 crore monthly average seen in the first nine months of the fiscal. That said, total equity fund mobilization stood at Rs16.6 lakh crore in the first 11 months, already 20% higher than the previous year. Despite the slowdown, market participation remains highly skewed—over 72% of investors in the cash segment accounted for just 0.4% of turnover, while 75% of options traders contributed only 2.4% of premium turnover. The trade war is unlikely to end soon; great power competition is an inevitability, said Thucydies. The range of technology-based announcements from China in the past few weeks, ranging from BYD to Meituan point to the upward slope of a potential J-curve in Artificial Intelligence, helped by state and policy support that has led to a significant lead in the emerging area of GenAI. One recalls a 2024 WIPO report that found six of the top 10 companies filing patents in GenAI to be Chinese. China also remains the largest trading economy in the world, and the largest trading partner to over 100 countries. Countries across the world are shifting from rules-based multilateralism to regional interest groups and minilateralism, with techno-nationalism and weaponised interdependence. In this fluid multipolar world, the Indian demographic and consumption poses a viable alternative as countries seek to diversify their investments, especially in Services. India stands to gain on supply-chain diversification, strategic non-alignment, and building trusted, scalable tech and trade infrastructure.    

Global debt surpasses three times annual GDP, fueled by fiscal stimulus, rising interest costs, and structural imbalances. Unchecked, it risks a debt spiral, crowding out private investment and destabilizing economies. Traditional exit routes—growth, fiscal consolidation, and inflation—all have varying degrees of infeasibility. The last two months have seen the US leverage its global positioning with tariffs, geopolitical shifts, and resource deals. Recent US-Russia talks, and Ukraine’s mineral agreement highlight evolving power dynamics for the macro environment and markets. Meanwhile, Europe’s zeitenwende gains momentum with leadership changes. Markets and policymakers must navigate this shifting landscape, where debt sustainability, geopolitical realignments, and policy responses will shape the next phase of global economic and financial stability. Global markets started out in 2025 on a reasonable note, on the back of Mr. Trump taking charge and multiple pro-US policy measures, until the announcement of the Chinese ‘DeepSeek-R1’ LLM put a spanner in the works; Nvidia lost nearly US$600bn in market cap, before staging a recovery later in February (more on this in the report). The MSCI World index, representing DM equities, is up 3.5% YTD, helped by a resurgent Europe, the Euro Stoxx rose 11.8%, while the MSCI EM index rose 1.7%. Global debt signals were mixed with US and UK yields easing on softer inflation prints, while Europe (fiscal expansion expectation) and Japan (higher inflation) saw rising yields. Weighed down by global uncertainty, weak corporate earnings, and an uncertain domestic outlook, Indian markets continued to correct with the fifth consecutive months of negative returns, the longest streak since July 2002. FPI outflows continued in the new year, hitting US$24bn (Rs 2 lakh crore) since October 2024. In line, DIIs remained buyers for the 19th consecutive month, adding Rs 3.2 lakh crore over the same period. DII inflows at Rs 5.5 lakh crore in FY25 have now exceeded the combined flows for FY23 and FY24. The benchmark Nifty 50’s 0.6% drop in January and a 3.0% drop in February now add up to a 13?cline from the late-September peak (16.1% in dollar terms). Cautious sentiments hit small- and mid-caps harder. The INR has dropped 4% since September, and FX intervention by the central bank has kept liquidity conditions tight. For more details, please see our Market Roundup section. On the macro front, the month gone by saw two major events. The Union Budget FY26 posed a fine balance between supporting consumption with a tax-break for the salaried class and maintaining focus on capital expenditure (+10%), even as the fiscal deficit was set to 4.4% of GDP. Such prudence allowed the central bank with to look beyond the recent inflation trajectory, and MPC unanimously voted for a 25bps cut in the repo rate to 6.25%, the first since May 2020. Growth for FY26 was pegged at 6.7% and inflation at 4.2%. While a decline in petroleum product exports weighed on merchandise exports in January (-2.4% YoY), Services continued to perform well (+24.3% YoY); Services exports surpassed goods exports for the first time since April 2011. The overall Services exports surplus at US$155.6bn this fiscal remains lower than Merchandise exports (US$233.8bn), but the convergence is clear. We have three featured stories in the NSE Market Pulse this month, beginning with the quarterly ownership report. “Who owns India Inc.?” is our quarterly flagship report on stock ownership in the country. The relentless FPI outflow over the past five months has led to a readjustment in ownership across major categories. Foreign portfolio share of the listed universe is now 17.4%--the lowest in 13 years, with higher outflows from the large-cap space. In contrast, domestic investors saw their share increase in the quarter; mutual funds reached 10% for the first time, nearly a fifth in passive money. Individuals now account for 9.8% of the market directly and 18.2% when their mutual fund share is added. Individuals thus own more of the Indian markets than FPIs—the first time since 2006! An increased share of household savings into the markets–directly and indirectly–when coupled with the rally in markets has translated into an increase in household financial wealth over the years. Our estimates point to a net accretion of ~Rs 30 lakh crore to household wealth in Indian equities in the last two years to Rs 79.6 lakh crore (10- year CAGR: +21.3%). So, what have FPIs been selling, and DMFs been buying? Turns out that foreign investors added to their outsized OW bet on Financials, turned incrementally more cautious on consumption and commodity sectors. Au contraire, DMFs trimmed their OW stance on Financials, tapered negative bias on Energy and Materials and turned incrementally positive on Consumer Discretionary, while retaining an UW stance on Consumer Staples. More in the report. Our second Story of the Month reports corporate earnings, where revenue growth slowed to a 16-quarter low for the Nifty 50 universe and a five-quarter low for the Nifty 500. Lower input costs and expanding margins helped EBITDA and PAT growth despite the weak top-lines. Financials accounted for 70% of the Nifty 50 bottom-line growth of 9.5%. Earnings estimates were downgraded across the board, especially so for Energy and Materials. Consensus earnings are now expected to grow a mere 3.2% for FY25E, vs. 10% in September! Seeing beyond the optical FY26E earnings jump (now 17.6%), we note that the two-year FY24-26 earnings CAGR is 10.2%. Our last story of the month looks at the Union Budget. Maintaining a fine balance between consumption and investment, the Budget met the FY22 FRBM target of a sub-4.5% fisc by FY26. While the details are available in our report, a noteworthy change going forward is a shift of the fiscal anchor from the annual fiscal deficit to a debt/GDP metric. The Government now targets a reduction in the central debt/GDP ratio from the current 55.1% of GDP to 50 +/-1% of GDP by FY31. The change in metric provides short-term operational flexibility and brings attention back to what we have highlighted above, i.e., the relevance of debt sustainability in the markets today. Market activity followed the benchmark indexes on the way down in January and February, across all major segments. Fund-raising started on a weak note, down 53% since December across debt and equity. New investor additions continued after the 11-crore mark was reached in January, while activity showed mixed trends. Average daily cash turnover fell below Rs 100,000 crore for the first time since March 2024, and equity options rose marginally, but remained below levels seen before new regulations in November 2024. Nearly 79% of the Rs 22 lakh crore traded in the cash segment in January was executed by 0.2% of investors, while 91% of investors contributed 2.4% of the turnover. The technology world continues to surprise. The announcement of the ‘DeepSeek-R1’ model in China has presented a new, significantly cheaper challenger to the hitherto US-only models; DeepSeek matches the top models across multiple AI benchmarks and is reportedly open-source too. We noted the market impact earlier, but the strategic significance of the LLM cannot be underestimated. The availability of such models raises the stakes in great-power competition on one hand but also increases the possibility of widening availability of such models, adding more companies (and countries) in the mix, and a shift of capex from the ever-higher bar of training to inference, where models provide more ‘complete’, ‘reasoned’ answers that resemble a ‘chain-of-thought’, rather than fast, but sequential answers based on the training set. The overall market potential for both hardware and software has risen substantially. The customer, of course, remains spoilt for choice.

Two months after he got elected in November 2024, our annual edition of the Market Pulse finds US President Donald Trump to be a man on a mission as a befuddled world tries to make sense. To sample a few of the ‘America First’ policies that could have a global impact directly or indirectly, the US is no longer in the WHO or the Paris Accord, has initiated reviews on trade agreements with Mexico and Canada, and has threatened tariffs against multiple countries. The pressure felt by trading partners and the increased price levels would make it tougher for the Fed to bestow rate cuts on a slowing economy. To be sure, the long-term problems faced by the US economy are real enough. Corporate earnings have benefitted from the fiscal gap, but public debt has also risen significantly. Despite the strong growth trajectory since the pandemic, medium-term concerns on Chinese competition, reviving domestic manufacturing and blue-collar employment remain. The long-term impact of Shri Trump’s focus on aggressive protectionism using tariffs and other measures to reduce trade deficits, protect domestic industries and the resulting disruptions on the US economy remain uncertain, as does the response function of countries affected by them. Policy uncertainty is likely to be a recurrent theme in 2025. All said and done, the US economy continues to differentiate itself from the rest of the developed world in terms of its growth trajectory for now, with a 2.7% growth rate in the third quarter of 2024. The IMF expects global growth to be 3.3% in 2025 and 2026, albeit with accommodative financial conditions and rising economic policy uncertainty. Global equity markets overcame geopolitical tensions and high bond yields, delivering gains for the second straight year. The US led the way, with the S&P 500 rising 23.3?ter a 24% gain the previous year, buoyed by economic strength and AI optimism. Japan ranked as the second-best performer among large markets globally (+19.2%), supported by a weaker yen. Other developed markets, while positive, lagged US markets due to trade and political uncertainties. Overall, developed equities (MSCI World Index) rose 16.7% in 2024, following a 21.8% return in 2023, with optimism continuing into 2025 (+4% YTD as of January 24th, 2025). Emerging markets (EMs) faced headwinds from a strong dollar and trade issues after Donald Trump’s win but saw a 5.1% gain, mainly from China’s late-2024 rebound, with another 1.5% YTD gain in 2025. Global fixed income markets struggled in 2024 with fluctuating ratecut expectations shaped by geopolitical risks, inflation swings, and central bank policies. The US 10-year Treasury yield rose 71 bps to end at 4.6%, mirroring trends in the UK, EU, and Japan. The year also saw Indian markets rise (+8.8% for the Nifty 50) for the 9th time in a decade, with market capitalisation at Rs439 lakh crore (US$5.13trn) on December 31st, 2024, up 21.5% in a year. This resilience, despite Q4 sell-offs and global challenges, was driven by strong fundamentals, policy continuity after the NDA’s third-term win, and domestic investor inflows offsetting significant foreign outflows. The Nifty 50 Index gained 8.8%, achieving an 11.1% annualized return over a decade, beating MSCI World (8.0%) and EM (1.2%) indices, but started 2025 on a weaker note (YTD: - 2.3%). Mid- and small-cap indices excelled, with 21.5% and 25.3% returns, respectively. Indian bond markets remained resilient, aided by sovereign bond inclusion, falling inflation, and proactive RBI steps, with the 10-year Gsec yield closing 42 bps lower at 6.76%. The FPI selling that began in the 4th quarter on valuation and growth concerns has crossed levels seen in the first phase of the pandemic and continues for now, as growth indicators tapered in the second half of the year. Domestic investors on the other hand continued to buy the India story, with greater participation and capital investment through direct and indirect channels. Indian households saw their equity wealth across these channels rise by Rs 13 lakh crore in the year to Rs 77 lakh crore, as of December 2024. The last five years have been a total increase of Rs 43 lakh crore in household equity wealth. The Indian economy stands at a crucial juncture entering 2025. Despite global issues like persistent geopolitical tensions, monetary shifts, and regional economic divergences, India remains resilient and retains its title as the fastest-growing major economy. Economic growth is forecasted at 6.4% for FY25 (FAE), with multilateral agencies projecting a similar pace in FY26, between 6.5% and 6.9%. However, the first half of FY25 witnessed sharper-thanexpected growth deceleration, driven by weakened industrial activity, muted government spending, and slower recovery in private investments. Following a challenging year, India’s economic outlook for the remainder of FY25 and FY26 hinges on recovering private consumption, delayed government expenditure, strong services exports, and a revival in private investments. Yet, uncertainties persist, including global volatility, precarious trade policies, intensifying climate risks, and rising input cost pressures. Our Story of the Month this time takes a detailed look at the macro and market trends in 2024, juxtaposing them with the past. Household interest in equity in the post-pandemic era has steadily led to a rise in supply. Primary markets in India had a record year in more ways than one. A total of 301 listings raised Rs 1.67 lakh crore in IPOs–over 3x that of 2023–of which 90 were on the mainboard (avg. size Rs1772 crore), 178 SMEs (avg. size 41 crore) and another 33 direct listings. Hyundai Motor’s Rs27,859 crore IPO was the largest ever in India and the second largest in the world last year. Adding Follow-on issues, total equity raised was Rs4.27 lakh crore, significantly higher than the Rs1.85 lakh crore raised in 2023. Combining debt, equity and trusts, the total capital raised in 2024 of Rs 17.92 lakh crore was 32% higher than in 2023. The number of mutual fund holders crossed 5 crore in the year, with SIPs totaling over Rs25,000 crore in many months of 2024; equity AUM of domestic mutual funds crossing Rs 39 lakh crore, ~20% of it passively managed. The number of unique investors at the NSE rose to 11 crore earlier this month, marking a seven-fold increase in the last decade, with over 21 crore accounts and over 18 crore demat accounts. The last two crore members of the investor community came in just over five months for each crore. 2024 saw 2.32 crore new investors, the highest ever. A fifth of Indian households have a link to the markets, today, as the market capitalisation of Indian companies has increased 6x in this period. The median age of the Indian investor is 32 years, with over 40% of them under the age of 30, and one in four investors today is a woman. State-wise, Uttar Pradesh surpassed Maharashtra in new registrations last year, adding 33 lakh (+14.4%) investors; both remain the only states with over a crore investors. Peter Drucker once said, “Culture eats strategy for breakfast.” We have written earlier about a similar relationship between geopolitics and macroeconomics. As we enter 2025, the war in Gaza has seen a ceasefire after more than a year, with a substantial change in the balance of power in the Middle East. The Russia-Ukraine war goes on for now and among the numerous points made by the US recently is an offer for Canada to become the 51st state, and a serious demand for the Panama Canal and Greenland. Global markets in the new year must contend with a US President determined to make the most of the majority his party currently enjoys. Indian markets have potentially slowed growth to add to the global uncertainties, even as it remains the fastest-growing large economy. The IMF lists economic (trade, fiscal) policy uncertainty as one of the risks in 2025, in its latest World Economic Outlook.

It isn’t the first time we write this, but the year 2024 has been eventful in more ways than one, spanning across geographical, economic, climatic and political realms. In a year when a significant chunk of humanity chose their leaders, Donald Trump’s re-election as the US President in a down-to-the-wire contest has forced a refresh of the economic and geopolitical calculus across the world. His proposed tax cuts, trade-protectionist, America-first policies have pushed US isolationism upon an increasingly fragmented world, with implications for the rest of the world, including India. A world used to US demand would be forced to reckon with spillovers of a stronger dollar, more competition, higher import duties and new strategic alignments. For the US, this has also meant tapered rate cut expectations next year with the Federal Reserve’s dot plot now guiding for 50bps cut in 2025 after a total of 100bps that we saw this year. There are also other factors at play for the US economy and markets such as the rising importance of unelected persons of interest and of digital assets. The two hot wars of last year continue; the Middle East saw the decades-old Assad regime fall in a matter of weeks, with Turkey and Israel gaining significantly in the balance of power. The Russia-Ukraine conflict has now seen entry of North Korean troops, apart from the indirect participation of multiple countries on each side. Geopolitical uncertainty has contributed to commodity price volatility, but lower than in previous years, as demand pressures have kept prices in check. Back home, the 2024 General Elections secured a third consecutive term for Shri Narendra Modi, making him only the second Prime Minister in the country’s history since Independence to achieve this feat. Economic growth remained strong for most of the year before surprising on the downside in the later part with a weak Q2 GDP print and subdued corporate profitability. Nevertheless, India remains the fastest growing large economy in the world. An inflation spike, however, kept the RBI’s MPC on hold; it remains to be seen how the reconstituted MPC will decide going forward. For detailed coverage on the macro scene, please refer to our Macro Round-up section. For domestic capital markets, the year saw several crucial developments, ranging from modifications in capital gains taxes to tightening of F&O norms to massive FPI selling in the later part of the year, and of course, the IPO boom. The year 2024 saw record-high capital raising through IPOs, with Rs 1.4 lakh crore raised till November 2024, with India leading the world in number of issuances (241 during Jan-Nov’24). Retail interest in the markets led to significant milestones being crossed. The number of unique investors passed the nine crore mark in February, 10 crore in August and currently stands at 10.85 crore. The number of accounts through these investors trade (UCCs) is nearly 21 crore. Global equities had a strong run this year, albeit with notable divergences across markets. Developed market equities, as represented by the MSCI World Index (which includes stocks from 23 developed markets), posted a robust 16.6% gain year-to-date (as of December 19th, 2024), largely driven by a strong rally in US equities (S&P 500: +23%). In contrast, European and UK markets recorded more modest mid-single-digit gains. Emerging markets, represented by the MSCI EM Index (which tracks stocks from 24 emerging economies), underperformed with a return of 5.7% yearto-date, as the strengthening US dollar, trade policy uncertainties, and growth concerns in China dampened investor sentiment. Meanwhile, global debt markets have experienced significant volatility and are poised to close the year in the red, reflecting the impact of shifting policy expectations. Indian markets, while outperforming the broader emerging market pack, had a roller coaster ride this year. After rising to fresh record high levels in late-September, the Nifty 50 Index witnessed an 11% correction in little over a month, even as the year-to-date gain remains decent at 10.2% (As of December 19th, 2024). Emerging signs of economic slowdown, heavy FPI selling and stretched valuations triggered a sell-off in Indian equities over the last few months. Our Story of the month looks at second-quarter earnings. Topline growth for Nifty 50 and Nifty 500 companies moderated to a 15-quarter low of 6.6% and a three-quarter low of 8.3% YoY, respectively. Mid- and small-cap companies (Nifty 500 ex-Nifty 50) performed better with a robust 9.8% YoY growth in net sales, the highest in six quarters. Financials drove over 50% of topline growth, supported by strong credit offtake, while Consumer Discretionary contributed 27.5%, led by consumer durables and apparel. In contrast, Materials and Energy faced a weak quarter due to softer demand, lower realizations, and weaker refining margins. Industrials showed resilience, benefitting from a pick-up in government spending post-election. Rising costs pressured profitability, as operating profit (EBITDA) for Nifty 50/Nifty 500 (ex-Financials) contracted 0.5%/4.1% YoY and 1.7%/4% QoQ. Adjusted PAT growth fell to an eight-quarter low of 0.8% YoY for Nifty 50 and -4.1% YoY for Nifty 500. The Nifty 500 ex-Nifty 50 universe underperformed on profitability with -10.1% YoY, despite stronger revenue growth. Our Chart of the month takes a deeper look at how India’s merchandise trade composition and partnerships have evolved over the years. A weak second quarter resulted in downward revisions in earnings estimates across the board, and starkly so in commodity-oriented sectors including Energy and Materials. Earnings estimate for FY26 was also curtailed by 2.9% during this period, even as the revisions were relatively more broad-based across sectors, leading to a steep fall in the Earnings Revision Indicator (ERI) as well. Notwithstanding a disappointing performance in the second quarter, corporate profitability over the coming quarters should see an improvement, thanks to higher Government spending, festive-led boost to urban consumption and continued recovery in rural demand. Escalation in geopolitical tensions, and consequent surge in commodity price volatility, coupled with weather-related disruptions, pose key downside risks. By the way, 2024 is on track to be the hottest year on record! Towards the end as usual, any take on the year is complete without an account of the technology frontier that gets better by the day. We now have an LLM that can do advanced math, quantum computing that promises to become mainstream soon, leading to commercial viability. These changes are likely to change our lives in ways that would be difficult to fathom in the short term but would have long-term consequences.  

With politics taking centre stage as the US saw one of the most closely contested and consequential presidential elections in the modern history, markets across the globe took a breather in October. The Republican Party’s decisive victory with Shri Donald Trump winning the 47th presidency in an unexpected comeback, winning the popular vote as well, signals a major policy shift in the US, with far-reaching global implications. Trump 2.0 may bring higher tariffs (potentially slowing global trade), tax cuts for corporates and individuals (boosting consumption but also inflation and fiscal deficit) and increased US oil production (possibly lowering crude oil prices). Expectations of rate cuts, both in pace and size, seem to have tapered for now, reflected in a sharp rise in global bond yields. What does this mean for India? While falling crude oil prices would be a positive, higher tariffs, a slowdown in global trade, and a stronger dollar pose risks for emerging economies, including India. Meanwhile, the IMF’s recent World Economic Outlook report forecasts global growth to hold steady at 3.2% in 2024 and 2025, but with risks skewed to the downside due to heightened policy uncertainty. Global equities sold off amid election uncertainty in the US and accentuated geopolitical tensions in the Middle East. Emerging market equities underperformed their developed counterparts in October, additionally weighed down by rising global bond yields and strengthening dollar, with Indian, Chinese and Malaysian equities leading the EM sell-off. The selling spree in EMs continued in November, with a 6.8% YTD return (As of November 20th, 2024) of MSCI EM Index hovering much below the 17.8% return generated by the MSCI World Index during this period. Global debt also came under significant pressure amid tapering rate cut expectations, with yields rising sharply across developed economies. October turned out to be the worst month for Indian equities since the onset of the pandemic. The benchmark Nifty 50 Index ended the month 6.2% lower, falling by a further 2.8% dip in November (YTD: +8.2%; As of November 20th). In addition to global uncertainty, muted Q2FY25 corporate earnings, signs of growth slowdown, and stretched valuations contributed to the decline. This sent foreign portfolio investors (FPIs) into a selling spree, with a record US$11.2bn pulled out of Indian equities in October. As of November 20th, total outflows for the two months reached US$14.3bn. The last time Indian equities saw such heavy and consistent FPI outflows was during the first half of 2022, when FPIs sold an average of US$4.7bn every month. Indian equities, however, emerged as the best performing market that year, aided by strong domestic participation. This time around, domestic institutional investors (DIIs) are stepping up even more, having poured a record US$44.4bn (Rs3.7 lakh crore) into the market so far, this fiscal year, cushioning the impact of FPI withdrawals. While markets crashed by a huge 23% in March 2020, October’s decline was just a quarter of that, despite FPI outflows being 34% higher. This sharp contrast underscores the increasing dominance and relevance of domestic investors in the market. For a deeper dive into performance across sectors and asset classes, please see our Market Roundup section. Our Story of the Month offers an in-depth look at ownership trends across the listed universe, delving into the concentration of holdings by category and market cap deciles. Domestic mutual funds’ share in listed equities surged to a fresh record high of 9.5% in Q2FY25, bolstered by sustained SIP inflows, while that of FPIs and individuals remained steady at 17.7% and 9.6% respectively. Individuals, both as promoters and non-promoters (direct and indirect), now own nearly a quarter of the total market cap (~Rs115 lakh crore; CAGR since 2010: +18.5%), reflecting significant wealth creation over the last decade. The share of Nifty50/top decile companies in portfolios has fallen to multi-year low levels, reflecting widening exposure to smaller companies. FPIs now hold stakes in over 1,800 stocks, up from 1,200 four years ago. This is also reflected by falling HHI levels after a brief rise post the pandemic, with concentration of FPI selling to top 100 companies in October potentially suggesting the continuation of this trend. In this edition of Market Pulse, we also take a look at the significance of Muhurat trading in India, and the market performance, activity and participation of different investor categories during this day over the last two decades. More details on this are available in the Chart of the month section. On the macro front, the festive season gave a much-needed boost to economic activity in October. Industrial activity showed signs of recovery, PMIs rose after a sharp dip in the previous month, and auto sales posted strong growth following a sluggish period. However, on the downside, credit growth continued to slow, and inflation spiked to a 14- month high in October, surpassing the RBI’s upper tolerance limit. The MPC, after a change in stance from ‘Withdrawal of accommodation’ to ‘Neutral’ in the last policy, is now widely expected to stay put on rates this year. Meanwhile, the IMF kept India’s GDP growth forecasts unchanged at 7% and 6.5% for FY25/26. Fund mobilization across debt and equity in October moderated by 15.9% MoM to Rs1.56 lakh crore, following a near three-year high print in the previous month. This was primarily led by a 26.5% MoM decline in debt issuances, even as equity capital raising was robust. On the equity mainboard, 14 companies raised a total of Rs33,759 crore of which mere 14% were new issuances, with over 96% of the balance through ‘offer for sale’ was by Hyundai Motor India alone—India’s largest public issue to date. Secondary market activity—measured in terms of turnover—declined for the fourth consecutive month in October in both cash equity and derivatives, with number of investors that traded at least once a month falling to a five-month low of 1.4 crore. Record-high net selling by foreign portfolio investors in October was more than made up by equivalent net buying by domestic institutional investors during the month. Individuals also turned strong buyers, with net inflows in the NSE’s CM segment of Rs29,594 crore being the highest in the last nine months. Notwithstanding the recent decline, activity in the cash segment remained highly skewed with nearly 91% of the turnover of Rs 23.5 lakh crore contributed by 17bps of the all the 1.4 crore investors. Some of the unanticipated changes in Trump 2.0 might already be playing out. We have the recent US provision of longrange missiles to Ukraine, something unseen since the beginning of the war, responded to by an ICBM launch, something not seen yet. China successfully chose Saudi Arabia for its first dollar-bond sales in three years. Alternative sovereign bond strategies are another illustration of the increasing willingness to shift away from the dollar-based international financial system. And Bitcoin is nudging US$100,000. 

With the Fed rate cut in September, and the economic stimulus announced by China, the two largest economies of the world have been supported to improve or maintain their growth trajectory as growth falters. The extent of this support remains uncertain for either country, for now. In the US, expectations on the extent of rate cuts have varied with inflation and jobs data over the past many months. While the first cut in September was expected to be followed by more, the latest NFP data points to persistent strengths in the economy, tempering expectations. The latest Fed commentary shows risks on inflation and growth are roughly balanced for now. In China, the stimulus measures in September were necessitated by headwinds on decelerating growth, sustained weakness in the property sector and the links with local government debt, and weak consumer spending. Questions remain on the extent of the stimulus there, while the impending November elections add to policy uncertainty in the US, particularly on global trade, which has lately seen a nascent recovery, according to the WTO. With the two largest economies slowing down, global growth in 2025 is expected to be supported by Euro Area, where the IMF expects growth to have bottomed out in 2024, and countries with a domestic consumption story like India. Global markets rallied on the 50bps rate cut by the Fed, and positive corporate earnings data in the US, after the carry trade unwind scare in Japan in August. Emerging market equities fared much better in September than their developed market counterparts, thanks to the belated rally in Chinese shares after the stimulus announcement. MSCI EM had its best month in ten and is up ~12% YTD despite a muted October. Led by the US, DM equities have done better this year, with the MSCI World up ~18% this year. Global debt’s sustained rally of four months was tempered to some extent in October with the September NFP data. Indian markets were up 2.3% in September on the benchmark NIFTY 50 index (life-time high of 26,216 on September 26th), buoyed by foreign inflows in the wake of the Fed rate cut that proved to be fair weather friends, reversing as they did in October, with rising geopolitical tensions and a resurgent Chinese market. Outflows in October at ~Rs 80,000 crore (US$ 8.4bn as of October 17th, 2024) have been the highest ever in a month—higher than in March 2020 (US$ 8.3bn)—but the sheer size of the FPI portfolio in India today (~US$929bn, as of September 2024) means that the market impact has been ~3.3% this month. Our Market Roundup section has far more detail on performance across size, sectors, geography and asset class. On the macro front, the new MPC stayed put on rates in early October but shifted its stance after years from ‘Withdrawal of accommodation’ to ‘Neutral’, paving the way for an easier cost of funds going forward. The RBI Governor’s recent comments on a rate cut now are noteworthy in this regard. CPI inflation rose to 5.5% in September on an unfavourable base and a near-term rise in food prices. On the external front, the trade deficit dropped to US$21 bn in September, on lower gold demand. On the fiscal side, buoyant revenues have kept the fiscal deficit at 27% of the FY25BE. The South-West monsoon this year has resulted in a surplus of 7.6% over the LPA, with lower variance across states as well, resulting in the net sown area rising by 1.9% YoY to ~111 m ha. Reservoir levels at 157 bcm are up 19% YoY. After many moons, we have presented a fresh view of the bouquet of high-frequency indicators used to gauge the health of the economy. Our quartet of Consumption, Investment, External and Financial indexes provides a ready and well-rounded picture of the recent path followed by the economy. A near-term top in rural consumption is matched by a resilient urban segment. The External segment remains comfortable despite the recent drop into deficit on the current account, while the Financials index has a differentiated growth trajectory. In our Markets section, fund mobilisation across debt and equity in September 2024 was at near three-year high of Rs1.85 lakh crore. On the equity mainboard, 13 companies raised a total of Rs14,825 crore of which 54% were new issuances, while 28 SME companies raised a record high of Rs1,194 crore on NSE Emerge. Total debt capital raising stood at Rs1.37 lakh crore. From a state-wise perspective, Maharashtra and Gujarat lead on the EMERGE platform, with a 56% share of the 555 companies listed on it. The two states also account for ~53% of the total capital raised (Rs13,989 crore). Turnover in the secondary markets eased marginally across equity and derivatives. Across the broad categories, while foreign investors were buyers in September (and sellers in October MTD), DIIs (Domestic Institutional Investors) were buyers across both the months. Individual investors turned sellers for the first time in five months, in September; their monthly inflows have averaged Rs9517 crore this fiscal. Activity in the cash segment remained highly skewed with over 77% of the turnover of Rs25.6 lakh core contributed by 20bps of the all the 1.58 crore investors. The Nobel prizes announced earlier this month underlined the rising importance of a phenomenon in our lives today. More than the study of institutions recognized in the Economics prize—where despite the compelling arguments, there are notable and hard-to-explain exceptions—it is the acknowledgement of Artificial Intelligence as a field of study and its far-reaching consequences that were visible in the Chemistry and Physics Nobels. This isn’t the first time this is being said, but we are well and truly in the “Age of AI” today. This is not an ideal claim in the technological world today. While the RSA and other algorithms in cryptography are safe from quantum decryption, for now, we did see the precise landing and then the ‘catching’ of a 71m, 3600t (when filled) first-stage booster rocket since the last Market Pulse was released. On that upbeat note, our October edition of the Pulse is presented for your kind perusal. As always, we welcome comments and suggestions.

The Fed might finally bite the bullet later today and lower its benchmark rate from the current 5.25-5%  band. It remains to be seen if the sustained performance over the past three years for the US economy will lead to a ‘softlanding’ or a full-blown recession (the Sahm Rule), with global consequences. Recent US data, especially on unemployment, has tended to point to the latter with markets pricing in an accelerated easing cycle. The question at this point is not of a rate cut but its quantum. Hopes of a 50bps cut have increased in the past month. The impending November elections pose an additional layer of uncertainty for the World’s largest economy. For the second largest, inflation and aggregate demand have remained weak for a sustained period. The IMF expects GDP growth in China to ease to 4.5% next year; for the world it’s 3.2%, albeit with risks to the downside and headwinds from services-led sticky inflation. The Fed action would clear the way for other central banks to follow. An interesting snippet in our Macro section illustrates their role in the global economy through a juxtaposition of their balance sheet vs. GDP. For global markets, the carry-trade unwind and the sell-off in Japan last month was short-lived as weaker economic data led to rising prospects of easing, we discussed above. In August, the MSCI World Index rose by 2.5% but fell by 0.7% in September to date, bringing the year-to-date gain to 14.7%. Emerging market equities, including India and China, lagged with a 1.4% increase in August and a 1.6% drop in September, totalling a 5.7% rise for the year. Global debt markets strengthened for the third consecutive month, influenced by weakening job data and anticipated US Fed rate cuts, lowering the US 10-year yield to 3.66% and the EU equivalent to 2.15%. Indian equities paused after July’s surge, with the Nifty50 Index gaining 1.1% in August and 0.5% in September, achieving a 16.7% return in 2024 till date. The Nifty Mid-cap 50 slightly declined, while the Small-cap 50 climbed by 2.5%. Indian bond yields also fell, reflecting a cautious inflation outlook from the MPC, with the 10-year G-sec yield decreasing to 6.8%. Our Story of the month wraps up the quarterly earnings season. Earnings growth in Q1FY25, while moderating on a sequential as well as YoY basis, was in line with expectations, led by steady performance from domestic cyclical sectors viz., Financials, Industrials and Consumer Discretionary, while commodity-focused sectors including Energy and Materials reported a weak quarter. Revenue growth for Nifty50 and Nifty500 companies slowed to a three-quarter low of 9.6% YoY and 9.4% YoY respectively. Operating profit growth was subdued at 1.4% YoY for Nifty50 and 1.3% YoY for Nifty500, weighed down by low refining margins and subdued revenue growth for Energy. Excluding Energy, operating profit growth came in at a decent 9.25% YoY and 11.8% YoY respectively. Aggregate adjusted profit growth, however, declined to a seven-quarter low of 3.3% YoY and 3.7% YoY for Nifty50 and Nifty500 companies. Moving forward, urban demand resilience, rural demand recovery, improving external demand, and sustained government capex are expected to bolster earnings, although rising input costs could pose challenges. On the macro front, growth now faces headwinds as visible from recent macro indicators. GDP growth slowed to 6.7% in Q1 FY25, the first time below 7% in over a year, mainly due to election-led capex constraints, while private sector consumption and investment stayed strong. Industrial growth was modest, led by manufacturing and electricity, with capital goods reaching a nine-month peak. However, the consumer non-durables sector contracted for the second month in a row. The marginal rise in inflation was driven by rising food prices, despite a stable core. Cumulative rainfall in the season thus far has been 7.5%  above normal, enhancing agricultural prospects, reflected in improved sowing and reservoir levels. Fiscal discipline is evident with a well-managed deficit and higher receipts. Bank credit growth slowed in July, particularly in personal loans and services, even as it remained higher than the deposit growth. Personal income tax collections have surpassed corporate income tax collections since FY24, a trend that persisted into FY25's budget estimates. While roughly equal in FY23, personal tax has outstripped corporate by approximately Rs 1.3 lakh crore in recent budgets. Data from the Central Board of Direct Taxes for AY 2023-24 highlights key trends: of 7.5 crore individual tax filers, about 2.8 crore actually pay taxes, contributing 44% of the total tax in 2023-24, up from about 32% in 2012-13. Despite representing only 1.3% of tax filers, companies contribute 47% of total taxes. Individual tax filers have grown by 8.4%  CAGR over the past decade, outpacing the growth in corporate filers. The increasing share of nil tax filers is driven by revised tax slabs and new tax regimes, while income from capital gains shows significant growth. This reflects a shift in India's tax structure, with a greater burden now on individual taxpayers, though corporate contributions remain significant. The number of unique direct investors in India touched the 10-crore mark in early August and ended the month at 10.14 crore. Region-wise, the growth of new investors has been the highest in North and East India, each having added over a third of their investor base in the past year. It is also interesting to note that the top five states of Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan and West Bengal now comprise nearly half (48%) of all investors in the country. While individual investors have remained buyers this year, market activity as measured by turnover moderated for the second consecutive month, after the sharp election-led jump in June across both cash and derivatives segments. Participation by numbers also moderated sequentially, remained above 1.5 crore in the cash segment and 45 lakh in the equity derivatives segment. Our focus this month has been on the global economy, and the implications of a long-awaited easing of the ‘global’ cost of funds on easing growth. Economic indicators remain front and centre for now, while geopolitical risk seems to have receded into the background, never mind the ongoing ‘hot’ wars in at least three regions. Illustratively, the Caldara and Iacoviello global Geopolitical Risk Index has remained largely range-bound in the near-term, with local maxima in April this year (Ukraine again) and in October last year (Israel-Hamas). The implications of geopolitical risk manifest through trade, energy costs, portfolio flows, currency volatility and regulatory costs, among others. Unlike the global macro and markets, crossing the Rubicon has significantly divergent implications in geopolitics. And yet, a combination of many factors, including focus on economic fundamentals, central bank interventions, globalisation and market resilience etc. seem to have inured investor response to geopolitical risk over the years.

After months of a near one-way ride, global markets had a reckoning with fate in early August, as fears of a US recession materialised again with weak inflation and labour data, and lacklustre earnings by the US tech sector posed headwinds for global equities. A ‘carry-trade’ unwind in Japan, as investors worried about rising rates and an appreciating yen pushed Japanese markets to the biggest fall since 1987, only a few months after the Nikkei 225 had breached lifetime highs of the late 80s. Hopes of a rate cut by the Fed are strong now, with the first in September, followed by two more later in the year. Markets have since recovered to some extent but remain sensitive to data releases. Indian markets topped out above 25000 on market benchmark NIFTY50 before the correction, before recovering to 24,400 levels at the time of writing. What stood out though in our market was an equally impressive figure. The total number of unique registered investors in India crossed the 10-crore mark in August, a little over five months since the 9-crore mark in February. Markets can be accessed through more than one broker, and the total number of accounts between these investors is nearly 19 crore. Somewhat similar is the number of accounts in mutual funds, held by over four crore unique investors. Between their direct and indirect investments, Indian households today hold nearly 19% of the market, Rs 81.4 lakh crore, which translates to nearly a fifth of their financial wealth, and 28% of FY24 GDP. A combination of a rise in digitisation, investor awareness, improved market access, and its relative performance against other asset classes has driven increased market participation since the pandemic. It took over 25 years to have four crore investor, but the subsequent milestones have been crossed much sooner, with new investors predominantly in the 20-30 age bracket. The median age of investors in the market today is ~32 years, with 40% of them below 30 years. It was 39 years, just before the pandemic. One in five investors today is a female. The investor community is widely spread in the country, with all but 30 pin codes having at least one investor directly investing in the market. Maharashtra with 1.7 crore, Uttar Pradesh with 1.1 crore and Gujarat with 87 lakh investors lead the pack among states. Market activity remained high in the month of July across several metrics. We had 27 listings (vs. 20 last month), five of which were on the Mainboard, and 22 in NSE EMERGE, which crossed 500 listings (514 at the time of writing). The total market cap of these companies is Rs 1.9 lakh crore, and they have together raised Rs 12,000 crore from the markets. Investor participation in the CM segment at 1.57 crore was the highest ever in July; their inflows this year at Rs47,000 crore is already higher than in all of FY24. Their share in overall turnover at 38% is also the highest since the 40% levels seen during the pandemic. Our Story of the month records the ownership trends in across the listed universe. Some of the familiar themes seen in the past five years continue. Foreign ownership (FPI) of the market, driven by outflows and relative loss vs. other categories, and at 17.6% now is the lowest in 12 years. In contrast, the share of domestic mutual funds (DMFs) and individuals (9.6%) rises further. The steady rise of small and midcap stocks in the recent past has also led to the share of NIFTY50 companies in Individual investor portfolios fall to a 36.8%--a 22-year low. Even as the share of FPIs drops, the number of companies they have invested in continues to rise, esp. vis-à-vis DMFs, homegrown familiarity or otherwise. So while mutual funds today have invested in 1267 companies—their highest ever—FPIs have investments in 1733. Back to the markets, Developed Markets (DM) equities (MSCI World Index) are up 11.1% this year, post the underperformance in August, and remain ahead of EM equities (5.2% YTD). The US 10-year yield has dropped by 65bps since June to 3.8%, pointing to easing economic growth and rate cut expectations. Indian markets rose to fresh lifetime highs as we wrote, before the global reality check, and are up 11% YTD. More in our markets section. On the macro, we got another expected pause from RBI MPC, with food inflation expected to remain on the radar in the months ahead. A favourable base led the headline CPI figure to dip below the 4% target for first time since September 2019. While ephemeral, the plentiful and widespread rains this year bode well for food production and rural consumption. Apart from inflation and policy we also cover Union finances, IIP and a monsoon update in the macro section. Our highlight this month has been the Indian investor community, now over 10-crore strong, and the wealth it represents. Reflecting 78 years after our Independence Day, the concept of independence takes several meanings, not the least of which is financial independence. Accumulating wealth in the markets requires a disciplined approach keeping diversification and risks in mind. The opportunity to participate in the India growth story comes with the benefits of compounded returns over time, allowing greater freedom in career pursuits, retirement planning, or simply for personal pursuits.

Long has been the wait, with disappointments more than once, but markets globally seem to be anticipating easier rates again, with the ECB’s June act to be followed by others over the next few months, including the Fed, as the chequered flag becomes faintly visible in the last lap in the war on inflation. The global economy is finally cooling, especially in the developed economies. The IMF’s July update points to a 3.2% growth globally for 2024, with 2.6% for the US, in line with 3.3% and 2.5% seen last year. The Indian and Chinese economies are expected to contribute nearly half of the incremental growth this year, even as the downward trajectory is expected to continue for China. The soft-landing central banks have been hoping for might finally come around. To be sure, rate expectations, may not even be in the same direction—the Bank of Japan raised rates after decades of easing, as inflation remains above target for a prolonged period of two years. Beyond the growth-inflation trade-off, global markets have seen an attempted assassination and a change in the presidential nomination in the US. The wars in Ukraine and Gaza continue, and there were elections in the UK and France. Amidst all this, global DM equities have returned double-digits (11%) this year, higher than EMs’ 4.7%. A combination of continued political stability with better-than-expected corporate earnings, and strong economic performance underlined by the Union Budget have led the Indian markets in the June-July period, touching all-time highs in July. Foreign portfolio investors joined the party after a hiatus of two months, with US$7.2bn after May. DIIs were there for a while, maintaining their buying spree for 11 months in a row. Markets were up 6.6% in June, followed by another 3.4% in July (till the 26th). Reflecting the Olympic spirits, it’s Citius, Altius, Fortius for the markets thus far! Elsewhere in the global markets, Emerging market equities outperformed their developed market counterparts in June, led by Taiwan and India. The MSCI EM Index ended the month with a return of 3.6% but sold off in July (YTD: +4.7%; As of July 26th, 2024). Global debt, on the other hand, witnessed a rally in June, and further in July, aided by rate cut by the European Central Bank and easing inflation in the US that cemented rate cut expectations from the US Fed. The US 10-year sovereign yield softened by about 30bps in June and July thus far to 4.2% (As of July 26th), while that in the EU softened by a marginally lower 24bps to 2.4%. On the macro front, In India, the economy is strong with significant growth in the industrial sector and a robust expansion in both manufacturing and services PMI. The financial sector is resilient, showing substantial growth in bank credit, driven mainly by personal loans and services. The RBI's Financial Stability Report indicates a consolidation in the financial sector with better asset quality and strong profitability. India's trade deficit has decreased due to a greater fall in imports compared to exports. However, rising inflation, particularly in food prices, poses a significant concern. Retail inflation hit a four-month high at 5.1%, while wholesale inflation rose to a 16-month peak of 3.4%, driven by higher vegetable and pulse prices. The recent improvement in the monsoon may help moderate inflation in future quarters, but the Monetary Policy Committee might maintain its current policy stance to observe inflation trends, considering persistent inflation risks. The Union Budget, our Story of the Month, outlines a strategic roadmap for ‘Viksit Bharat’, aiming to stimulate India’s economic landscape while maintaining a commitment to fiscal consolidation. India’s gross fiscal deficit to GDP is projected to moderate further to 4.9% of GDP and is likely to be sub-4.5% from FY26. This budgetary approach is complemented by the Economic Survey released a day prior, which projects India's GDP growth at 6.5-7% in FY25 and provides a six-pronged approach to sustainably achieve a 7% growth in the medium term. Market activity has remained on a high, starting with the primary markets with 15 new equity listings, 10 of which were on NSE EMERGE. Our monthly marking of total unique investors at NSE inches close to the 10-crore mark, with 9.7 crore as of June 30th (vs. 7.6 crore in June’23). The overall number of demat accounts between these investors is over 16.2 crore across the two depositories. Average Daily Turnover in the cash markets crossed Rs 150,000 crore for the second time in June, with 1.53 crore participants in over 1.97 crore accounts at an average Rs33,300 per trade. This month we provide additional insights into the by-now known skewness in the markets. It is known that nearly 89% of the investors in the cash market contributed to 2.6% of the turnover. Conversely, a mere 0.3% of the investors traded over Rs10 crore, are responsible for ~77% of the monthly turnover. Despite their overwhelming numbers, Individuals constitute a mere 15% of this category, while being over 95% in all others. The fiscal year thus far has seen a 50% jump in ADT at Rs1,22,000 crore, vs. Rs81,721 crore in FY24. The 50% jump dwarfs the 16.5% increase in the options market over the same period. Records were broken on Election Results day (June 4th ), with the cash segment turnover at Rs 2,71,245 crore and 8.85 crore trades. The sharp rise in trading in June led to the NSE vaulting to the top spot among global equity exchanges—the second time after February—with over 86 crore trades. On the indirect side of the market, Net SIP inflows to the crossed Rs21,000 crore, another record. The overall AUM in the Mutual Fund industry crossed Rs 61 lakh crore, with ~14% in passive funds. The passive share in pure equity is higher at 21% of the total equity AUM of Rs 34.3 lakh crore AUM. The Summer Olympics are on and while the top positions in the league table are likely to be usual suspects, there is a distinct energy and yearning for a medal winner from our country too. Manu Bhaker’s two medals would be hopefully followed by many more, as a resurgent India needs to be punch by its weight, in sports, in the global economy and other for a beyond.

Global markets have had a good 2024 thus far, led by markets in developed countries, specifically the US (Read Nvidia, before the recent slide), while emerging markets have underperformed, weighed down by China and, to some extent India. Markets across the world continue to trade near lifetime high levels, coursing through meaningful recent events (Fed pause, Nvidia slide, far-right tilt in Europe, elections in India, etc.) The financial consequences of an extended pause on rates by the Fed are visible in the Yen’s slide to 160—the lowest since 1986, and in spite of the recent measures taken in Japan, and in the drop in EM currencies—the economic consequences are less conspicuous, but equally important; with countries having to deal with extended periods of positive real interest rates, despite getting inflation largely under control. The so-called ‘last mile’ on the inflation front has proven more difficult than anticipated thus far, and recent weather-related spikes in food inflation might add to the load. Markets, however, seem to be seeing through it as we show later in the report, and so have the Indian investors. In general, equities in India had a tentative May, but returned to jovial spirits after the general elections, with strong corporate earnings and higher-than-expected GDP growth adding to why domestic players—both direct and indirect— have been major players in the markets, as foreign interest recedes. FPIs have sold US$2.8bn this year, while domestic players (DIIs and individuals) have put in a combined total of over US$34bn. Who’s selling amidst all the buying? The market’s run over the past few years has led to a sustained trend of promoter selling each year since the 2020 in the pandemic, and this year has not been any different. India’s entry into the JP Morgan EM Bond Index (first announced in 2023) would begin in late June. FPI inflows this year on the equity channel have been muted, with outflows of US$2.8bn, but the debt channel has had inflows of ~US$8bn. Market estimates of the expected inflows from India’s ~10% weight in the index are in the range US$25- 30bn. Performance-wise, Indian debt tracked the trend seen in the US, and rallied in May, aided by lower-than expected inflation, lower-than-budgeted provisional fiscal deficit for FY24, higher FPI demand, sovereign rating outlook upgrade and benign MSP hikes. Consequently, the 10-year G-sec yield softened by 21bps in May, and remained broadly steady in June at 7%, translating into a decline of 19bps in the year thus far. Our Story of the Month in this edition of Market Pulse looks at the corporate earnings season and finds steady top-line growth in the last quarter, led by Financials and the Consumer Discretionary. For the whole year, net sales growth at 9.3%/7.9% for Nifty50/Nifty 500 companies has reflected the overhang of muted nominal growth (Also seen in the nominal GDP figures), while profits at the operating (ex-Financials) and net income level did better, rising 19.2%/24.6% and 27%/ 33.1% respectively. Barring the two sectors we mentioned earlier, PAT growth for Nfity50 was just 3.4% in Q4! A weakening global outlook has amplified the contrast between global and domestic sectors in FY24. While IT and Commodities have seen earnings downgrades, the bulk of profits was by the two domestic sectors we mentioned above. Earnings growth this year and the next is expected to moderate to 10.9% and 16.7% respectively, reflecting in the flat-lining ERI (Earnings Revision Indicator). Our macro section this time has a number of additional, interesting notes, beyond the monthly indicators. In FY24, India’s economy grew by 8.2%, surpassing expectations. After 9.7% in FY22, 7.0% in FY23, this marks the third consecutive year of 7%+ growth, and as we know, growth this year is expected to be 7.2% by the RBI. India remains the world’s fastest growing large economy. Beyond growth, policy rates were kept steady in the latest MPC meeting for reasons we have mentioned earlier. On the external front, India’s balance of payments was stable with a US$5.7 billion current account surplus in Q4 FY24, the first in ten quarters, and S&P upgraded our sovereign rating outlook to 'Positive.' Despite this, early FY25 showed a widening trade deficit and mixed industrial activity, while bank credit and deposit growth slowed. The fiscal deficit improved to 5.6% of GDP in FY24, 20bps lower than the revised budget estimate, due to higher tax collections and expenditure rationalization. Retail inflation hit a one-year low in May 2024, but wholesale inflation rose to a 15-month high. Elevated food prices, driven by heatwave conditions, contributed to slow disinflation. Monsoon progress was weak, with an 18% rainfall deficit; MSPs were raised for all 14 kharif crops. The March edition of the Market Pulse had written about Indian investors crossing the nine-crore mark. Despite the moderated pace of incremental growth, we have seen addition of another half-a-crore investors since then; the figure was 7.5 crore around the same time last year. Where are they from? Well, North and East India have each added a third as much over their respective totals last year. Uttar Pradesh continues to lead in new investor additions. The Market activity section in the report adds a number of additional indicators this time around, ranging from age of investors to their average trade sizes. As we head into the second half of the year, the Union Budget in July, commentary and next steps by the Fed and the RBI would be important marks for the macro and markets in the near future. Increasing climate and weather-related events have increased seasonal vagaries, reflecting in elevated volatility in the agricultural commodity complex, and related spillovers to headline numbers. The last mile is turning out to be harder than expected.

Indian markets touched the US$5trn market cap figure (Rs 415 lakh crore) for the first time in May this year. Countrywise, the Indian market today is the fourth largest in the world, after the US, China and Japan. The Indian market has done rather well in the recent past with 20% growth in 2023, 28.6% in FY24, positive growth in 8/9 calendar years and the last trillion added in six months. More than the recent rise of the market, however, is the cause for reflection a milestone like US$5trn provides. In the nearly 30 years since the NSE was launched on Diwali in 1994, the Indian markets have risen from a market cap of Rs 3.6 lakh crore to over Rs 416 lakh crore today, a rise of 114x at a CAGR of ~18%, and a testimony to the rise of the Indian economy too, which has increased by ~29x over the same period and currently ranks as the fifth largest in the world. We have over 9.3 crore registered investors today, whose direct ownership in the equity markets today has reached Rs 36.4 lakh crore, and whose belief in the markets is also visible in the monthly SIP inflows of over Rs20,000 crore.  Our story of the month gives an idea of how the equity culture in the country could rise further. Regular readers of the Market Pulse are aware of our ownership tracker (Who Owns India Inc.), wherein we consider the quarterly ownership trends in the market since the year 2000. Apart from the regular analysis pillars like flows, sector alignments across institutions and ownership by size deciles, we also consider the actual number of shareholders by company and examine the distribution of shareholders by company has changed over a decade. This is not generally studied, considering that the disclosure of the number of shareholders in a company varies significantly across countries and is not uniformly required to be publicly disclosed. What is provided instead is a list of substantial shareholding institutions and of major shareholders. For Indian markets, though, the data is available, and we see interesting trends. Illustratively, the number of companies with over two lakh investors has increased from 59 to 178 in a decade; with over five lakh investors, from 12 to 72; with over ten lakh investors, five to 39, and with over 25 lakh investors, from 2 to 16! More details in the Story of the Month. Further on the markets, global equity and debt markets faced significant challenges last month, weighed down by higher-than-expected U.S. inflation and a strong job market. The Fed Chair's comments suggested a prolonged battle to reduce inflation to the 2% target, dampening hopes for an easier term structure and prompting a sell-off in across assets. The MSCI World Index fell by 3.8% in April, marking its first drop in six months, although it rebounded by 4.7% in May, bringing its year-to-date (YTD) gain to 9.2% as of May 24, 2024. Emerging markets outshone developed ones, with Chinese equities benefiting from supportive fiscal measures and Indian equities maintaining steady growth. The MSCI EM Index rose modestly by 0.3% last month and added another 3.5% in May (YTD: +5.8%). In the U.S., the 10- year sovereign yield peaked at a six-month high of 4.7% last month but eased to 4.5% by May, while yields in the UK and Europe also rose significantly during the year.  Indian markets had a positive April, bolstered by strong economic fundamentals, robust corporate earnings, and consistent domestic institutional investor involvement. Mid- and small-cap companies, which had sharply declined in March, rebounded strongly in April, outpacing large caps. The Nifty50 Index saw a modest May gain of 1.2%,  adding another 1.6% so far (YTD: +5.6% as of May 24th, 2024). Meanwhile, the Nifty Midcap 50 and Smallcap 50 Indices increased by 4.7% and 11.8% respectively in April. Indian debt mirrored global trends with a decline in April due to delayed US rate cuts, rising oil prices, and foreign outflows, though it outperformed its international counterparts. A drop in global bond yields, an unexpected high profit transfer from the RBI to the government, and reduced state borrowings boosted domestic bonds in May.  April’s performance helped investors back into the markets to some extent, with the cash markets seeing turnover rise to Rs 21.2 lakh crore (i.e., ADT back above Rs 100,000 crore) and participation by 1.25 crore investors, higher than March’s 1.21 crore, but significantly lower than the 1.5 crore we saw in a short February, which had a turnover of    Rs 24.6 lakh crore. Options saw a drop in both turnover and participation for the second month in a row. Individual investor portfolios have seen a reduction in concentration since the pandemic. Uttar Pradesh finally became the second state in the country to cross a crore investors, contributing ~11% of the 9.32 crore investor base vs. 6.1% of 1.15 crore in 2010. UP’s 1.01 crore investors now from a mere 7.01 lakh then have not been risen linearly, nearly quadrupling since the pandemic.  On the macro front, high-frequency indicators continued to exhibit optimism and momentum in the new fiscal. April's Composite PMI stood strong at 61.5, maintaining above 60 for the fourth consecutive month, albeit slightly lower than the previous month, indicating resilience in both manufacturing and services. Industrial activity gauged by the IIP  showed robust growth, particularly in manufacturing (5.2% YoY) and electricity (8.6% YoY). The merchandise trade deficit expanded to $19.1 billion in April, as import growth of 10.3% YoY outstripped exports, which grew only 1.1% YoY, impacted by geopolitical tensions and higher shipping costs, although electronic goods saw a significant 25.8% YoY increase. The overall trade deficit reached a six-month peak at $6.5 billion.  Retail inflation remained stable at 4.8% YoY, while wholesale prices rose to a 13-month high of 1.3% YoY. Noteworthy are the sequential increases in most retail core sub- components and easing deflation in manufacturing. Seasonal rainfall will likely influence the overall inflation trend. Government GST collections exceeded Rs 2 lakh crore for the first time in April, supported by strong economic activity at the year's end and a record RBI dividend payout of Rs 2.1 lakh crore, significantly above the budgeted Rs 1.02 lakh crore for FY25(BE), as we had mentioned earlier, bolstering fiscal consolidation.

Indian markets ended the fiscal year FY24 up a solid 29%, after a tepid March that saw the benchmark index Nifty 50 rise 1.6%. The last fiscal, with flat returns was different, while the previous two fiscal years had delivered bumper returns; the Nifty 50’s five-year CAGR stands at 14% now.  Market perceptions generally tend to look at calendar years somewhat more, and from that perspective, India’s 20% return in calendar 2023 was the 8th consecutive year of positive returns, unlike many major markets like the US, Japan, China, etc. In fact, the Indian markets have delivered positive returns in the past 20/25 years. Over 80% of the 9.2 crore investors we have in the markets today have joined after 2015, the last year of negative returns.  From a fiscal year perspective, however, FY24 has been standout year, on almost all fronts. A new record 1.8 crore investors joined the markets this year, second only to the 1.9 crore we saw in FY22. Trading activity rose significantly across both cash and derivatives, and fund mobilisation was up 28% to Rs 2 lakh core in equity and Rs 13.8 lakh crore overall. Beyond the NIFTY50’s, the Nifty Next 50 index’s performance was even better, at 60%. NSE has recently introduced derivatives on this index; this edition of the Pulse includes a white paper from the Product team. Please see our Story of the Month for a comprehensive review of the markets and macro in the fiscal gone by. We plan to introduce an annual review of the markets soon, with long-term data and insights. Continuing with investors, activity levels eased in March across the board, reflecting the general weakness seen in the markets in March—advance/decline of stocks for the month at 0.75 was the lowest since February 2023 (0.69). Turnover in the cash markets fell 24% to Rs18.6 lakh crore (Average Daily Turnover (ADT) below Rs 1 lakh crore), 11% for equity futures and 25% to Rs12.5 lakh crore for equity options. Participation fell too—down 19% to 1.2 crore in cash, and -9% to 43 lakh for the equity options market. The pace of new investor additions dropped as well. The top 25 states added 15.7 lakh of them, in contrast with over 20 lakh added in each of the previous three months. Individual investors were sellers for the month, in line with foreign investors, but in stark contrast with domestic institutions, whose inflow peaked for the year at Rs 36,660 crore. In March, global equities saw consistent returns, supported by strong corporate earnings in the US and expectations of monetary easing amid decreasing inflation. The MSCI World Index rose by 3.0%, driven by widespread gains, though it faced corrections in April due to increasing geopolitical tensions. Emerging markets lagged, with the MSCI EM Index up by 2.2%, bolstered by significant gains in AI technology stocks in Taiwan and improvements in Chinese and Indian equities. However, global debt markets experienced a sell-off in April, influenced by intensified geopolitical issues and hawkish US Federal Reserve comments delaying expected rate cuts. Notably, the Bank of Japan concluded its negative interest rate policy, raising its benchmark rate for the first time in 17 years. We had written about this in the previous edition of the Pulse. In contrast, Indian equities, as we have mentioned above, showed modest improvement in March, supported by steady economic fundamentals and both foreign and domestic investment, despite sell-offs in mid and small-cap sectors due to concerns over high valuations and regulatory directives. On the macro front, the Indian economy concluded the past fiscal year on a robust note, driven by strong business and consumer sentiments, sustained public investment, easing inflation, and a favourable external environment. However, extended geopolitical tensions and persistent high real interest rates pose risks to the growth trajectory. The RBI MPC kept interest rates stable at 6.5% in April amid mixed views on future rate cuts. March saw a decrease in headline inflation to 4.9%, with a reduction in all groups, although Food and Beverages inflation remained high. Core inflation also declined, reflecting subdued prices across its components. Erratic weather and ongoing geopolitical conflicts, however, could push inflation higher. Wholesale Price Inflation (WPI) slightly increased due to reduced disinflation in Fuel and Power and Manufacturing goods. Industrial production grew by 5.7% year-on-year in February, slightly below expectations, with all sectors expanding year-on-year but contracting sequentially. Rural demand showed signs of weakness, as indicated by the production gap between consumer durables and non-durables. Manufacturing and Services sectors remained strong as per PMI figures. The government's fiscal deficit widened to Rs 15 lakh crores by February 2024, though tax increases suggest the fiscal targets for the year are likely achievable.  While the ECB could still cut rates in summer, the wait from the Fed looks all set to get longer. The rise in the dollar continues to pose a worry for growth prospects in EMs and their central bankers. The recent 5.3% GDP print in China is a positive; we have written earlier about cheaper imports from China and implications on global inflation. Countries in Asia and Latin America, like Brazil, Peru and Chile, Mexico have nearly a fifth of their imports from the Middle Kingdom. Closer home in Asia, Japan, Indonesia and Malaysia have seen lower inflation given their trade with China.  Our marker from the tech world this month involves a shift to hardware, specifically to the semiconductor world, colloquially also known as ‘chips’. The importance of semiconductors in our lives, and the tenuous nature of global supply chains became apparent during the pandemic when industries like Automobiles saw production halts on lack of availability of vital components and countries realised their vulnerability to emerging geopolitical realities. Legislative measures like the US CHIPS Act seek to support domestic semiconductor production. In India, the need for shift in semiconductor trade dynamics (imports to exports) has been long felt. Policy measures like the PLI (Production Linked Incentives), DLI (Design-Linked Incentive) schemes, SPECS (Scheme for Promotion of Electronic Components and Semiconductors) and the US$10bn National Semiconductor Mission launched in 2021 involve setting up of fabrication facilities in India, reduce import dependence, and secure supply of crucial raw materials. India is a late entrant to a complicated global semiconductor industry that has entrenched players and entry barriers remain very high. Having said that, the arrival of made-in-India iPhones point to early growth and success that would need to be maintained in the years ahead.  

Markets across the world reached life-time highs or levels close, in the last two months, as a renewed surge into equities led the US S&P500 to the 5000 mark earlier this month, and then 5100. European markets followed suit, and the Japanese Nikkei 225 has finally crossed the significant 39000 mark, crossing levels last seen in December 1989. Indian markets too have breached life-time highs in February, but unlike the concentrated Tech-fuelled (read Nvidia’s blockbuster quarterly earnings) boom in the US markets, the rally has been more secular, with meaningful participation from small and midcaps. Resilient third quarter earnings, GDP growth beating expectations—leading to upgrades, due South inflation and a fiscally prudent Budget 2024 (Our story of the month) have contributed to the positive outlook on Indian markets. As markets have continued to hit new highs, the overall number of new investors in India continues to rise and is likely to cross the 9-crore mark soon, a far cry from 2.7 crore in 2019. The 8-crore mark in September last year had taken eight months; with 8.8 crore investors as of Jan’24, it would be less than six months for the next crore.   New investors to markets do not necessarily translate into flows. For this fiscal, cumulative flows from individual investors as a category had been negative, yes, below zero, in contrast to the steadier inflows through SIPs. January’s figures point to a different story; the return of the market benchmark NIFTY50 to new highs seems to have attracted capital again. Retail investors pumped in over Rs36000 crore in the first month of the calendar year, trumping every category, including DIIs. We have more detail in the section on category-wise participation in the markets. Beyond direct participation, January 2024 also saw the highest ever SIP inflows of Rs18,838 crore. The indirect channel for investors has seen renewed interest in passive funds. For instance, non-gold ETFs were the second choice for investors in 2023, after arbitrage funds. Passive fund AUM in India is likely to hit the Rs10 lakh crore mark soon and would be a fifth of overall MF AUM.     Of the 8.8 crore investors in the Indian markets, North India now has 3.1 crore, West India 2.8 crore, while South and East have 1.8 and 1 crore respectively. Among states, Uttar Pradesh with 93 lakh investors would soon be the second state with over a crore investors, after Maharashtra.    New investors to the markets also translated into higher participation. December 2023’s 1.26 crore investors were the highest ever, beating the earlier record of 1.13 crore in January 2022. With over 1.44 crore investors, January 2024 is meaningfully higher. With 47 lakh participants in the month, it’s a lifetime high for the derivative markets as well. Beyond participation, trading activity in the cash and derivative markets continued to rise. After December 2023 saw average daily turnover (ADT) cross Rs100,000 crore for the first time, January saw activity rise further to Rs111,000 crore. Reflecting rising in passive funds, the ADT in ETFs also crossed Rs1000 crore for the first time. More on these in our Market Activity section.    Back to the markets, global equities had a mixed start to the new year, with developed equities continuing to advance in January, albeit at a slower pace, while emerging equities ending the month in the red. Strengthening signals from global central banks, particularly the US Fed, that rate cuts may come through later than previously expected, weighed on investor sentiments. Developed equities (MSCI World Index) registered a modest gain of 1.1% in January (YTD: +3.3%, as of February 21st, 2024), while Emerging equities (MSCI EM Index) ended the month with a loss of 4.7% (YTD: -0.3%), with the latter weighed down by continued sell-off in Chinese equities (Accounting for 24.9% of the Index). Notwithstanding the recent slip to 4th place in size (GDP), Japan’s equity market is back at peak after 34 years. Despite support from the central bank, and aggressive foreign buying, Japanese households are allocating 90% of their equity investments to the US and other markets. ETFs based on the NIFTY also gained, with their total AUM in Japan having recently crossed US$1bn. Global debt also took a breather in January after a strong rally in the last quarter of 2023, weighed down by a hawkish Fed commentary and stronger economic data in the US. The US 10-year yield hardened by 46bps in 2024 thus far to 4.3%, while that in the UK and Europe rose by 57bps and 41bps to 4.1% and 2.4% respectively. We have more detail in the Market Roundup section.   From a macro perspective, the MPC kept rates unchanged in its bimonthly meeting in February, but it is increasingly clear that we are near the end of the transmission cycle. The headline CPI forecast for FY24 is maintained at 5.4% and expected to drop to 4.5% the following year. RBI expects growth in FY25 to be at 7%, marginally lower than the First Advance Estimate of 7.3%. With the growth surprise seen in the past three quarters, this would be an interesting figure to watch. The IMF has already upgraded its FY24 growth estimate for India from 6.3% to 6.7% and expects 6.5% the following year. Apart from this, headline CPI in January at 5.1% was benign, with softening vegetable prices and core inflation fell to a three-year low of 3.6%, probably necessitating the MPC call of remaining vigilant on inflation. Wholesale prices remained soft—with the WPI at 0.3%. The merchandise trade deficit in January dropped to US$17.5bn, while the Services segment remained in surplus of US$16.8bn. More in our macro section.   In the end, it would bear mentioning Nvidia again. Not just due to the 265% jump in quarterly revenues, but as another milestone in this Age of AI. From a market standpoint, the chip alone has purportedly contributed a trillion dollars of value, but we are more interested in the broader implications. Beyond machine learning, the advent of Generative AI through these chips points towards a vastly larger general audience, and the prospective growth trajectory may not be entirely understood. To begin with, solutions can be invaluable to individuals using public data in terms of improved productivity, but even more so to companies on their own, proprietary data. The demand of these chips, used for AI model training and inference, is reflective of this promise. The biggest customers of this company for now, are the cloud computing providers. As we are aware, the performance of these models rises with the data made available to them. Beyond the corporate universe, no country can afford to ignore the benefits of such models with population scale data. Countries like India can lead the world in this space, given its obvious scale and the pioneering use of technology as a public infrastructure in a responsible manner The latest Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) released by the government points to the narrowing gap between the rural and urban sectors of the Indian economy. Rural consumption has grown faster than urban in the past decade, with the average Monthly Per Capita Income (MPCE) gap between the two sectors narrowing to 71.2% in 2022-23 vs. 83.9% in 2011-12. Further, the survey—conducted over 261,000 households in the country—expectedly points to falling share of food in the consumption basket over the years. For the urban areas the share has dropped to 39.2% (vs. 42.6% in 2011-12) and for the rural areas it’s 46.4% (vs. 52.9?rlier). These considerations would matter for a revised CPI basket when available; our current inflation calculations are based on a 2011-12 basket. For the urban population, consumption in the top 5% is ~Rs21,000, i.e., annual consumption of slightly over Rs250,000. These numbers point to an economy that has changed materially over the years and is now seeing the results of prudent policy decisions.

The so-called ‘January effect’ is a well-known adage on the behaviour of the equity markets around the new year. Investors in the US were found to book capital gains/losses in their financial (calendar) year, buying in the new year, leading to a favourable January. This oft-repeated adage about markets was based on the performance of the US market in the ‘1920s and has been much tested. Over the years, the phenomenon has been seen enough to be recognised as an anomaly. For instance, data since the 50s for the US and Japanese markets shows that January’s performance matches with the year nearly 70% of times. However, the evidence is unclear in recent decades. Indian markets have a different financial year, so the ideal metric would be to test if performance in April matches with the fiscal. January’s return matches with the year ~45% of times since in last four decades but shift to April and the percentage rises to 64%. Here again, the evidence is inconclusive—just 39% since 2000. The ‘January effect’ is not really an anomaly for now. After a solid 2023, January has otherwise been favourable for global markets, with US markets at record levels, on a decent earnings season. Rate cut hopes from central banks have driven sentiments in the last two months, but appear receding with Fed commentary, while the ECB might deign in summer. Inflation, their main cause of worry seems to be receding gradually worldwide, with minor exceptions. For Japanese markets, January this year has seen levels unseen since January 1990 (Yes). From an annual perspective, global equities ended the year 2023 on a high note, as expectations of rate cuts coming through sooner than previously expected in the light of easing inflation and emerging signs of economic slowdown buoyed investor sentiments. Developed equities (MSCI World Index) ended the year 2023 with a gain of 21.8%, almost entirely reversing the loss in the previous year. Emerging equities also caught up in the latter part of the year and registered a gain of 7% in 2023, weighed down by lacklustre performance of Chinese equities. Global debt also rallied sharply in the last quarter of 2023 on expectations of imminent rate hikes, offsetting the sell-off in the previous two quarters. Consequently, the US 10-year yield ended the year 4bps lower at 3.9%, while that in the UK and Europe ended 13bps and 53bps lower at 3.5% and 2.0% respectively. Indian equities followed global suit and generated strong returns last year. The benchmark Nifty 50 Index rose by 7.9% in December—the highest monthly gain in 17 months, translating into a return of 20% in 2023. This marked the eighth year in a row of positive returns for the benchmark Nifty 50 Index. Favourable global cues apart, strong corporate earnings, robust economic indicators and strengthened buying by foreign institutional investors adding to the buoyed sentiments. Notably, net FII buying of US$7.9bn in Indian equities was the highest in the last three years. The rally last year was far stronger in mid- and small-cap companies, with the Nifty Midcap 50 and Nifty Smallcap 50 Indices rising by 50.2% and 64.3% this year respectively. Indian debt, on the other hand, remained on sidelines, weighed down by a hawkish RBI stance, tighter liquidity conditions and stringent capital norms for unsecured lending by banks and NBFCs, partly offset by inclusion of India sovereign debt in JP Morgan Global indices. The year 2023 saw a decline in prices of hard commodities, reflecting the impact of rising interest rates and slowing Chinese demand, while gold prices rallied amidst heightened geopolitical turmoil. The Indian Rupee traded in a rangebound manner through the year, starkly so in the second half, aided by aggressive RBI intervention. More details in our Markets section. The year 2024 started on a subtle note in terms of macro data. While the CSO’s first advance estimates (FAE) pegged the real GDP growth at an optimistic 7.3% for the current fiscal year, industrial activity indicators (IIP and eight-core) dipped substantially vis-à-vis previous months. Further, in line with expectations, headline inflation continued to inch up for the second consecutive month to 5.7% in December (however lower than Consensus), thanks to the persistent rise in veggie prices over the last two months of the year gone by. That said, the momentum of increase has come-off. In addition, the decline in retail prices in the first two weeks of January for vegetables and pulses indicate that Headline CPI might have peaked out in December. On the external front, while the escalating attacks on shipping in the Red Sea— constituting 12% of the global trade, and the consequent suspension of the route pose a major headwind to trade and transport, India’s trade deficit narrowed to a five-month low owing to falling imports and increasing exports. The Centre’s fiscal position remains comfortable ahead of the Budget 2024. While the nominal GDP is expected at 8.9%, lower than 10.5% estimated as per the Budget last year, the Centre is likely to meet its target for FD of 5.9% of GDP, thanks to robust tax collections and muted growth in revenue expenditure (3.6% in 8MFY24). Moreover, even as the upcoming Budget will be a Vote on Account, we expect the Union to maintain the focus on capital expenditure while remaining on the path of fiscal consolidation. More details in our Macro section. Our ‘Story of the Month’ looks at one of the major emerging issues of our world. Global debt today dwarfs output (349% of global GDP) and has especially increased during and after the pandemic. It is higher for the high-income countries and rising but has reached unsustainable levels in terms of service in poorer nations. High leverage has implications on fiscal room and cost of capital, eventually lowering the potential growth trajectory and resiliency to future shocks. We have analysed these vulnerabilities using IMF Fiscal Monitor data. Market activity has remained on an upward trend in the past few months. To cite a just a few indicators; turnover rose 40% MoM to Rs21 lakh crore in December for the CM segment, and 33% MoM to Rs32 lakh crore for the F&O segment. Average daily turnover has been over Rs70,000 crore this fiscal year for the cash segment, with over 1.2 crore participants in December, and nearly 90% trading below Rs10lakh, contributing to 2.8% of the Rs21 lakh crore turnover.  Meanwhile the global economy is likely to slow down further this year, according to the World Bank, in its ‘Global Economic Prospects’ report; tight monetary policy, restrictive financial conditions, and consistently weak global trade and investment are expected to lead to a 2.4% growth figure. The report also finds diverging trends in growth trajectories of developed and emerging markets, with better prospects for the latter, underlining our thesis of India’s standout performance in this regard. Despite the headwinds outlined above and added risks of a China slowdown, sustained geopolitical disruptions on the general economic environment, the Indian economy has managed to plough through the pandemic and related events well, with reasonable macro-fundamentals in the near and medium-term.

Writing at the end of 2023, it is hard not to get a feeling of déjà vu—after all, FIIs are back and in a hurry, markets have risen 5% this month, supply chains are at risk again with the Suez Canal imbroglio, and yes, COVID cases seem to be back too. Thanks to a late surge across global markets, India ends the year a US$4trn market having risen 17% this year, capping a fourth year of positive returns for the fifth largest, and fastest growing economy in the world. Tennyson’s hope for the new year seems copasetic for the Indian economy and markets. Writing at the end of 2023, it is hard not to get a feeling of déjà vu—after all, FIIs are back and in a hurry, markets have risen 5% this month, supply chains are at risk again with the Suez Canal imbroglio, and yes, COVID cases seem to be back too. Thanks to a late surge across global markets, India ends the year a US$4trn market having risen 17% this year, capping a fourth year of positive returns for the fifth largest, and fastest growing economy in the world. Tennyson’s hope for the new year seems copasetic for the Indian economy and markets. A resurgence in the fourth quarter of 2022 saw global equities begin the year well, until a turnaround in the inflation trajectory and expectations of a soft landing provided further wings to a ‘rate-peak’ rally that continued until the Fed reminder in July about possible further hikes. The US markets are up 24% this year, and in line, the MSCI World Index is up 21%. In contrast, the MSCI EM index has remained weak, with 4% rise, dragged down by Chinese markets that have lost 5% this year. Beyond the 18% rise this year (~17% in USD terms), 2023 has been different for Indian markets in other ways too. FIIs are back, as we mentioned above, having put in US$6.7bn in December thus far (As of December 20th, 2023), catching up to DII inflows, in turn thanks to steady and rising SIP flows, where average monthly figures have now risen above Rs 15,500 crores. Individuals seem to have taken their foot off the pedal for now, in fresh investments. That said, the number of individual investors continues to grow steadily on a yearly basis. We have over 8.35 crore unique investors in the markets today, vs. 6.94 crores as of the end of last year. Indian households have shown an increasing preference for equities over the years, with new investors from across the country. Indian equities followed global suit and generated strong returns last month. The benchmark Nifty 50 Index rose by 5.5% in November and by another 6.6% in the first 15 days of December, crossing the 21000 mark on December 1st , 2023. In fact, India with a market capitalization of US$4trn surpassed Hong Kong to become the fourth largest equity market early this month. Global risk-on apart, robust corporate earnings and stronger-than-expected GDP growth back home, coupled with robust buying by domestic as well as foreign investors—institutional as well as retail—added to the rally. FIIs also turned net buyers of Indian equities last month, strengthening it further in December.  Indian debt, on the other hand, remained on sidelines last month, weighed down by a hawkish RBI commentary in the October policy, tighter-than-expected liquidity conditions and tightened capital norms for unsecured lending by banks and NBFCs. That said, falling global bond yields and strong buying by FIIs provided an upside support.  In terms of market activity, the average daily turnover in NSE’s cash market segment rose by 5.1% MoM to Rs 70,615 crores in November, but on top of a near 20% drop in the previous month, while that in the equity options and equity futures dropped by 12.4% and 4.5% MoM respectively to Rs 46,581 crores and Rs 1.15lakh crores respectively. Individual investors remained the dominant player with a 35% share of overall cash market turnover in this fiscal year thus far—the lowest in last eight years but much higher than the 27% share of institutional investors — domestic as well as foreign. Notwithstanding this drop, the influx of new investors and consequently higher participation in terms of number of active investors1 has gathered pace over the last few months. New investor registrations at NSE averaged at 13lakhs/month in the first eight months of FY24 vs. 11lakhs/month in FY23.  In this edition, we have also analysed the distribution of investors that traded in the equity cash and derivatives segments by turnover. Our analysis shows that nearly 79% of 37lakh active investors (That have traded at least once in the month) in the equity options segment in November traded less than Rs 10lakhs in the entire month but contributed a mere 2.5% to the total turnover. The figures are even more skewed for the cash segment. Nearly 91% of 1.07 crore active investors in the cash segment in November traded up to a total of Rs 10 lakh last month but accounted for 3.2% of the total turnover in the month. Our Stories of the Month section presents analysis on two interesting topics. The first story on corporate performance analysis shows a strong growth in corporate earnings in the second quarter, reflecting the impact of margin tailwinds in the light of easing crude oil and commodity prices. The second story explores ownership trends and patterns in NSE listed companies since 2001. The analysis shows a pick-up in DMF share to fresh record-high level of 8.7% in the September quarter, a drop in FPI ownership to 18.4?spite strong foreign capital inflows, and an increase in individual ownership to a 16-year high of 9.7%, supported by strengthened participation. Individuals invested a net of Rs 21,560 crores in the September quarter—the highest in the last five quarters. For the macro, in contrast with the rest of the world, the Indian economy has performed better than expectations, with growth in the first half of the year at 7.7?ing much higher than the average growth of 6.9% in the last 17 years. This translated into upward growth revisions, with the RBI raising its FY24 GDP growth forecast by 50bps to 7%. India’s resilient growth environment is also reflected in several high frequency indicators. Industrial production expanded by a 16-month high of 11.7%YoY in October (7MFY24: +7% YoY), benefiting from strong capex push by the Government. Manufacturing and Services PMI have remained well within the expansionary zone. The trade deficit—merchandise as well as services—dropped to a seven-month low of US$5.3bn in November, thanks to a strong services surplus and lower imports. Inflation trajectory has been evolving in line with expectations, with the RBI expecting the average for the year at 5.4%, moderating to 4% by the second quarter of FY25. The global economy seems primed for a slower 2024, thanks to the delayed effects of tighter monetary policy. Inflation across the world might well be due South for now, but as central bankers would tell you, it is the expectations that matter, and at this point, it is not clear if they are under control. Despite the downward trend in core, food inflation worries persist. The RBI maintained its FY24 inflation forecast at 5.4% in the latest policy. In the geopolitical space, war continues to rage around the world, with the Israel-Hamas conflict having added to the Russia-Ukraine war that is far from over. A continued China slowdown remains a drag on the global economy; unlike the post-GFC world, the absence of a resurgent China would be felt more this time around.  

No conversation on conflict zones across the world can afford to ignore the Israel-Palestine issue. The terror attack on Israel on October 7th brought its unresolved nature back in into the limelight, after nine years of relative calm. Two weeks into the episode, a protracted war seems inevitable, as are its humanitarian consequences. Rational thoughts  are needed in an increasingly divided world and while history points to clues, easy answers may not be easy to find. That said, the only way there might be through dialogue and cooperation. For global markets though, rising interest rates in the US remain a bigger fear than rising uncertainty in the Middle East, with implications for capital flows that have been visible in local markets as well. A stronger-than-expected US economy and undiminished inflationary concerns translate into a higher-for-longer view on rates, supported with increased issuance from the US Treasury.  The sell-off in global equities intensified in September, as concerns that a strong US economy will keep interest rates higher for longer weighed on the global risk appetite. Further, the ongoing weakness in the Chinese economy and stress in the property sector added to the dampened sentiments. Developed equities (MSCI World Index) fell 4.4% in September (YTD: 7.2%, As on October 20th , 2023), while Emerging equities outperformed with a marginally lower loss of 2.8% (YTD: -3.2%). Accentuated geopolitical tensions following the Hamas attack on Israel early this month that culminated into a full-blown war has added fuel to the fire, resulting in riskier asset classes remaining on sidelines. Gold—considered a safe-haven asset and a good hedge against currency devaluation in times of uncertainty and geopolitical instability—has risen by 7.5% in October thus far. Notwithstanding an unfavorable global backdrop, Indian equities outperformed its emerging as well as developed counterparts and ended the month with modest gains,  benefiting from a strong and steady macroeconomic landscape. The benchmark Nifty50 Index rose by 2% in September (YTD: +7.9%), aided by strong domestic participation by mutual funds and retail investors that more than made up for foreign capital outflows. Interestingly, small, and midcaps continued to rally, ending the month 3.8% and 4.1%  higher respectively. In terms of market activity, the average daily turnover in NSE’s cash market segment rose for the fifth month in a row to an all-time high of Rs 835bn in September. Individual investors remained the dominant player with a 35% share of overall cash market turnover in this fiscal year, even as it has come off from the post-pandemic high of 45% in FY21. Their share of the equity derivatives segment turnover was much lower but steady at about 27% in FY24, with proprietary traders taking 59% share. Even as the retail share in overall cash market turnover has been tapering, the influx of new investors and consequently higher participation in terms of number of active investors1 has gathered pace over the last few months. New investor registrations at NSE rose to a near 20-month high of 1.6m in September, with the overall unique registered investor base reaching 8 crores by September-end. Interestingly, the addition of 1 crore to the investor base took just eight months. In terms of activity, the number of active investors in NSE’s cash market segment crossed 11m in September for the second time ever. Global debt sold off sharply in September, as a resilient US economy, persistence of global inflation way above target levels and a hawkish rhetoric by most central banks weighed on investor sentiments. The increase in yields was far more pronounced at the long end, reflecting the impact of fading concerns of a recession, and expectations of rates remaining higher for longer. Indian debt outperformed, thanks to the announcement of India’s inclusion in JP Morgan Emerging Market Bond Index, resulting in yields remaining fairly stable during the month, only to harden in October amid global sell-off and hawkish RBI policy. Rising US bond yields and strengthening dollar continued to weigh on EM currencies including the INR, that rose to a record low level last month. That said, the INR has remained one of the most stable currencies, as reflected in relatively lower annualized volatility and falling forward premia. Our Story of the Month explores ownership trends and patterns in NSE listed companies since 2001. The analysis shows a steady pick-up in FII share over the last three quarters ending June 2023, corroborating with strong foreign capital inflows during this period. The share of domestic mutual funds dropped marginally from a record high in FY23, as heavy redemptions negated the impact of sustained inflows via the SIP route. Retail ownership of the NSE listed space remained steady in the June quarter amid net outflows. On the macro front, a double-digit growth in industrial production in August, persistence of Manufacturing PMI well within the expansion zone, front-loaded capex spending by Centre and states and improvement in business expectations to pre-pandemic levels point to resilient manufacturing activity and upbeat business sentiments. Rural consumption demand, that was not out of woods yet from the pandemic-induced woes, now faces headwinds from erratic monsoon. This is reflected in rising demand in the rural job guarantee scheme (MGNERGS), that remains much higher than pre-pandemic levels. On the external front, while weak global demand is hurting India’s exports, continued  dollar strengthening amid rising US bond yields and accentuated global risk-off environment are weighing on EM currencies including the INR. On the positive side, inflation eased sharply to 5% in September, beating market expectations, even as a rate cut possibility has advanced to the second half of next year after a hawkish policy.  The world we live in today seems increasingly fraught with uncertainty, with an unending series of seemingly unanticipated events and crises following each other. We have had the Syrian crisis for the past ten years, Brexit in 2016 followed the Sino-US trade wars. The Abraham Accords, US leaving Afghanistan were steps forward, while oncein-century event like the pandemic, followed by the Russia-Ukraine war, then global inflation and rates rising to fourdecade highs, in line with an across-the-board rise in geopolitical conflicts, not so much. Israel-Palestine today follows Nagorno-Karabakh earlier this year, Sino-Indian border conflicts in 2020. A multipolar globe prefers protectionism, resulting in inward-looking policies, when the need of the hour is cooperation. The IMF finds that any change in the status quo in global value chains towards either ‘friendshoring’ or ‘reshoring’ models would lead to significant drags in growth from current levels. The G20 Delhi Declaration acknowledges the  headwinds to global economic growth and stability, and the myriad other challenges facing the world today, and resolves to strengthen international economic cooperation that can be the only way towards sustainable, balanced and inclusive growth. In other words, the need for working together is the highest when the world around us seems to be  getting more fragmented. That might be the only way to face the bigger challenges like climate change. 

September 2023 The recently concluded G-20 summit at New Delhi was not the first, but the eighteenth summit since the inception of the group in 1999, and its presidencies are chosen by rotation. Seldom, however, has its annual stewardship aligned so closely with a country’s global leadership positioning. In the emergent multipolar world, India is a voice to be heard from one sixth of humanity. This is a voice of inclusivity at multiple levels, ranging from finance (multilateral development institutions) to society (women-led development) to countries (inclusion of the African Union), and has resonated with our view of ‘Vasudhaiva Kutumakam’ (The World is one family), our ancient civilizational mantra, in these fractured times with the concomitant difficulties of international cooperation. The fight against Climate Change, for instance, is bigger than any the world has ever seen, and India’s support to the cause—despite its low per capita incomes—is a testament to its commitment. Coinciding with the country, has been a new high for the national benchmark, the NIFTY 50. Reaching 20,000 has taken nearly 28 years since 1995, with three-fourths of that period for first 10,000. Like the broader macro environment that they represent, markets have an underlying theme of continuity about them, beyond the thresholds and landmarks that help us understand them. Nevertheless, it is opportune to reflect awhile on the journey of the NIFTY50 since then. Before we do that, however, let us discuss the rest of the fare in this month’s Pulse.  Global equities broke their rallying spree and sold off in August, accompanied with heightened volatility, thanks to renewed stress in the Chinese property market, slowdown in China and rising global bond yields. Developed equities fell 2.6% in August, while Emerging equities underperformed, with the MSCI EM Index generating a much higher loss of 6.4%, thanks to heavy sell-off in Chinese equities.  Indian equities moved in line and ended in red for the first time in six months, with the benchmark Nifty50 Index falling by 2.5% in August. That said, continued, albeit tapered, buying by FIIs, renewed buying by DIIs, economic resilience, and robust corporate earnings for Q1 FY24 provided some downside support, with India outperforming the broader emerging market pack. Interestingly, small, and mid-caps continued to rally, ending the month 3.3% and 4.6% higher respectively. In terms of market activity, the average daily turnover in NSE’s cash market segment rose for the fifth month in a row to a 21-month high of Rs 766bn in August, with the share of proprietary traders rising meaningfully over the last few years. Direct investments by retail investors have come off this year, with their share of total cash market turnover in FY24 thus far falling to eight-year lows. That said, registrations are rising, with new investor registrations at 1.6m in August being the highest in the last 19 months. Indirect retail participation, however, has remained robust—evident from record-high SIP inflows in August and surge in new investor accounts with depositories. Global debt remained under pressure for the second month in a row. The US rating downgrade, announcement of higher-than-expected borrowings and strong economic data resulted in bond yields rising in the US, particularly at the long-end. Indian debt market also sold off at the short end amid a sharp spike in inflation reading, surge in crude oil prices and dry spell in August. The US Dollar strengthened against all major currencies in August, benefiting from resilient economic performance and higher bond yields. This, in turn, resulted in EM currencies depreciating last month, including the INR that ended the month 0.7% lower at 82.8 against the dollar. Our Story of the Month takes a deep dive into FY24 budgets of 21 states—contributing 93% to India’s GDP. Key takeaways include a) Tapering support from the Centre, which in turn could put pressures on states relying heavily on the Centre, b) Strong capital spending for the third year in a row, leading to capital to revenue expenditure ratio improving to a six-year high of 21.7% in FY24BE, and c) Reducing reliance on market borrowings, even as inter-state disparity remains huge. Overall fiscal deficit for these 21 states is pegged at 3.2% of GSDP vs. 3.5% in FY23RE, but with a wide range of 1.8% (Gujarat) to 5% (Punjab). A detailed version of this analysis will be released in due course.  On the macro front, GDP growth in Q1 at 7.8% was in line with expectations, supported by a pick-up in consumption demand, front-loaded capital expenditure by the Centre as well as states and, recovery in real estate demand. Other high frequency indicators such as eight core output and PMI show that economic activity is holding up well in the current quarter as well. Headline inflation, on the other hand, unexpectedly spiked to a 15-month high of 7.4% in July, led by a sharp surge in vegetable prices, particularly tomatoes, only to ease to 6.8% in August, bettering expectations. Interestingly, vegetables contributed nearly 65% to headline inflation in July, excluding which inflation rose by a modest 20bps MoM. After the driest August in the last 120 years and consequent dip in reservoir levels, inflation woes may linger on for a while, keeping rate cut expectations at bay for now. As promised at the outset, it is instructive to recount the journey of the economy and the NIFTY50 since its inception. In 1994-95, India ranked 15th globally in GDP, at US$333bn, 1.8% of the total output; we are today the fifth largest economy in the world with an annual GDP of US$3.8trn, 3.6% of global output. The market capitalisation of NSE listed companies has seen a growth of ~17% on an annualised basis since 1994 in rupee terms. The number of companies traded on NSE at the end of 1994 was 351, which has grown to 2168 by end of 2022, an increase of more than 5x in last 29 years. These companies have raised ~Rs11trn from the markets, which today touch a bigger slice of India than ever before—India has over 7.5 crore unique investors. Regardless of the impressive achievements in the journey thus far, the scope for improvement remains, as does the opportunity, for both the economy and its reflection, the markets.

August 2023 Inflation continues to ease off across the world, with some exceptions (India), and too much in some countries (China). The US inflation trajectory continued due South in July, raising expectations of a pause by the Fed in September, even as growth remained resilient. Meanwhile the Sino-US dissension continued with fresh restrictions on China. Closer home, floods in the capital but large parts of country saw deficient rains. Global equites advanced further on the anticipation of a more favourable growth-inflation equilibrium, raising hopes of a soft-landing. Developed markets rose 3.3% in July, with a ratings downgrade of the US by Fitch on fiscal concerns and acrimony over debt-ceiling restriction seeing a muted response. Emerging markets did better, rising 5.8%, led by China, expecting policy support for the real estate industry and consumption in general. The benchmark NIFTY 50 index rose 2.9% in the month, driven by sustained buying by foreign portfolio investors (US$5.7bn in July; FYTD US$18.2bn). Small and midcaps performed even better—despite a mixed earnings season that has yet to see demand moderation from higher rates and tepid global environment—with the NSE Midcap 150 and NSE SmallCap 250 rising 5.6% and 7.8% respectively. Global debt remained under pressure in July. Hawkish FOMC minutes in the early part of the month, strong jobless claims data and stronger-than-expected Q2 GDP growth in the US and Europe resulted in surge in global bond yields at the long-end. Yields at the short end, however, remained steady amid easing inflation. Indian debt market moved in tandem with global markets and sold off marginally, weighed down by a sharp spike in vegetable prices, surge in crude oil prices following a production cut by OPEC+, and adverse weather conditions. On the macro front, CPI inflation rose marginally to 4.8% in July, pointing to a justifiably cautious stance taken by the MPC when it voted for a pause earlier this month, keeping the policy repo at 6.5%, and raising inflation targets for the year. Vegetable prices, esp. tomatoes, remain on the boil for now. Mopping up excess liquidity in the system due to sustained portfolio inflows and return of Rs2000 notes required an additional measure, the ICRR (details in the note). Growth likely remains strong for now, with consensus 2QFY24 estimates at 6.2%, and the IMF raising FY24 growth to 6.2% (vs. 5.9?rlier). Activity-wise, Services PMI at 62.3 is the highest since June 2010, and Manufacturing PMI remains buoyant too. The South-West monsoon picked up sharply in July and August, leading to normal rains (vs. LPA), as of Aug 8th. Plentiful rains in July were not an India-wide story, however. While the North and North-Western India received significantly higher rainfall than usual—over 50% from the LPA—leading to floods in Gujarat, and the capital seeing rainfall not seen since the late 70s, the rest of India was not so lucky, where rainfall has been deficient thus far. Indian agriculture remains rain-fed to a large extent, and with over the three-fourths of the overall precipitation, the SouthWest monsoon is diligently tracked through the weeks, across the country. Its variation over the years has been a matter of much study, given the wide-ranging economic implications. Our Story of the month takes a step back for a better look. It begins with temperature, for its role in determining long-term climatic conditions, including the monsoons. Tracking monthly temperatures for over a century makes some sobering observations. Barring June and August, we find median temperatures rising for each month of the year. Rainfall patterns over the years have become divergent and likely harder to predict. These changes appear to be accelerating—the monsoon now routinely extends till October, with larger deviations. More details in the note, where we also track how this has affected cropping patterns. We have mentioned FPI interest in equities this fiscal above. In contrast, domestic players, both institutional and retail, reflect a measured view, with net inflow at Rs 55 bn (As on August 10th, 2023) and outflow of Rs 214 bn (As on July 31st, 2023) respectively this fiscal. Retail interest in terms of new investors, however, continues unabated with the July figure at 1.5m—the highest since May’22, led again by the North region. New investors this fiscal at 4.7m are in line with FY23. A total of 9.7m retail investors—the highest in ten months—traded in the cash segment, where the turnover rose to Rs 726bn (ADT). 3.7m investors traded in the derivatives segment where the stock futures notional turnover touched a record Rs2.0trn on July 27th. The world is likely to see higher than expected growth this year, cf. IMF’s recent upgrade to 3.0% for 2023, vs. 3.5% last year. The IMF now expects global growth to be the same next year as well, i.e., 3.0% in 2024, but there is some cheer on the inflation front. Global inflation this year is expected to drop to 6.8%, vs. last year’s 8.7%; and then drop further to 5.2% next year. The attendant risks of the war in Ukraine and broadly, of climate change, continue to pose headwinds. The latest WEO from the IMF notes that we may no longer worry about the pandemic, supply chains have recovered, shipping costs and delivery times are back to pre-pandemic levels. While that should bring cheer, the slowdown in China, and continued instances of Sino-US rivalry and emerging geopolitical alliances are adding to a world morphing before our eyes. Pervasive technology has blurred borders, yet protectionism is rising; global trade has started rising again after the pandemic but remains below 2008 levels to this day (-7%), even as the world economy is 56% larger. Back to the macro scene, rates remain high across the world and central bank commentary does not provide much cause for comfort at present. The consequences such rates are likely to play out in slower growth in the bigger economies and worse in their weaker, indebted peers. For India, resilient domestic consumption, stable macro fundamentals and resurgent services remain tailwinds in this scenario. 

July 2023 The June print of CPI inflation at 4.8% makes it clear that the central bank’s concern on prices has been well-founded. Core inflation has remained entrenched at 5.2%, and parts of the food basket remain high, thanks to erratic rains. The MPC has rightly concluded that the recent pause in the policy rate action should not be construed as the end of the tightening cycle. Our June report had highlighted the distinction between Indian and US inflation, while they nudged the 4% figure. In contrast with the Indian data, US inflation has dropped to the 3% figure, levels last seen in Mar’21. To get a sense of how far (and fast) events have unfolded there, note that in between these two 3% prints, inflation there had jumped to 9% in Jun’22, the highest since May’80. Given the cautionary note from the Fed, it may not (yet) be the end of the tunnel there as well. Markets, however, seem to have other ideas, going by the trajectory of the US markets this year. In fact, the last two months have seen global equities pricing in the scenario of easing inflation without an incremental tilt towards recessionary conditions. Recovery in the US and Euro Area have led to growth upgrades by multilateral institutions, even as questions remain on the Chinese recovery after the recent 2Q GDP print. The other global macro story is the US dollar’s sustained drop this year. More on this in our macro roundup. While the jury is out on how long the downward trend would play out, the macro implications are significant. Closer home, the South-west monsoon began erratically this year, a week late from the long-term average, then covered the country rapidly. A deficient June (-9%) was followed by excessive rainfall in July, bringing the total to parity by mid-month. That said, the distribution this year has been uneven, with parts of northern India receiving well above average (+47?ove LPA), normal rainfall in Central India and a 22?ficiency in the Southern peninsula. Indian markets, while lagging early in the year, are playing catch up as foreign inflows returns after the exodus last year. The rising trend of the last three months, after a lull of more than a year as easing inflation, a better GDP print than expected and relatively robust macro fundamentals have showcased India’s attractiveness to global investors. The market benchmark NIFTY 50 is at 19700 levels as we write. Across the listed universe, small and midcaps have outperformed vis-à-vis the broader market. More on this in our market roundup. Our Story of the Month this time analyses the 4th quarter (Q4FY23) corporate earnings for Nifty 50 and Nifty 500 companies. The analysis shows that while topline growth moderated for the third quarter in a row, weighed by weakening external demand and falling commodity prices, operating profit margins improved on easing cost pressures. Our analysis of earnings revisions for the top 200 companies by market capitalization points to modest downgrades for yet another quarter, even as the extent has come off, led by export-oriented and commodity sectors (IT, Pharma and Materials). We also take a close look at the overall and sector-wise distribution of Nifty 500 companies across major financial parameters.  Among new investors, Uttar Pradesh continued to lead for the fifth month in a row, while Maharashtra has picked up in the past two months. Overall active investor participation—defined by at least one trade in the month—rose to 8.9m for the CM segment and remained around 3m for derivatives. Average no. of such investors in the market has remained on an upward trend over the past few years, even if the monthly retail net investment figure has been muted. Meanwhile, the monthly SIP inflows have been around Rs140bn for the past few months; also signifying the increased retail interest in the markets since the pandemic.

June, 2023 May inflation prints have been around 4.2% in both India and the US; the RBI’s MPC decided to keep policy rates unchanged in its June meeting and markets expect a pause from the Fed this time too. Markets in both economies have risen in anticipation of a peak in this cycle, or somewhere close to it. ‘Sell in May and go away?” Not this time. That said, central bank commentary clearly reflects inflation in either country remains well above comfort levels. Global equities remained under pressure for the second consecutive month in May as uncertainty around the resolution of US debt ceiling, slower pace of recovery in China and a technical recession in Eurozone made investors jittery. Meanwhile, elevated inflation trajectory across major developed economies and tight labour market in the US dampened expectations of a cut any time soon. Developed equities (MSCI World Index) fell by 1.2% in May (YTD: +10.9%; As on June 9th, 2023), while Emerging market equities (MSCI EM Index) underperformed with a loss of 1.9% (YTD: +4.8%), with the latter weighed down by continued sell-off in Chinese equities. Indian equities outshined developed and emerging market counterparts for the second consecutive month in May. Resilient economic performance amidst an uncertain global environment, coupled with reasonable valuations, translated into strengthened FIIs buying last month that more than made up for weak domestic participation. The Nifty50 Index ended the month 2.6% higher (YTD: +2.5%), with mid and small caps outperforming by a wide margin. Global debt sold off in May as the central banks’ strong commitment to bringing down inflation to target levels kept rate hike expectations alive, with losses led by the UK and US. The Euro area, however, saw a modest drop in yields during the month, finding support from weak incoming economic data. The rally in domestic bond markets continued for the third successive month in May, supported by easing of headline inflation to sub-5% for the first time in 17 months and resultant expectations of an extended pause as well as strong demand from domestic institutions.  Domestic yields declined across the curve, with the benchmark 10-year G-sec yield falling by 13bps in May on top of a 34bps decline over the previous two months. The fading likelihood of rate cut this year drove the dollar index higher by 2.5% in May, thereby weighing on EM currencies including the INR (-1.1% against USD in May). Commodities remained under pressure, reflecting weak global demand and slower-than-expected recovery in China. The rally in Indian equities over the last two months is also reflected in improved trading activity, with average daily turnover (ADT) in NSE’s cash segment rising by a strong 16% MoM in May to Rs601bn. While direct retail investments into Indian equities have been coming off, participation in the form of new investor registrations, active investor base and turnover (ADT up 17%) improved last month. New investor registrations stood at 1.1m in May, with Uttar Pradesh alone accounting for ~15%, followed by Maharashtra at 13.5%. Further, following a steady drop over the previous four months, active investor base—people with at least one trade every month on NSE—rose to a five-month high of 8.4m in May. This is slightly less than 10% of the total registered retail investors on the Exchange. Notwithstanding a significant drop from the post-COVID peak of 11.7m in January 2022, it is still much higher than the active investor base of ~3m prior to the onset of the pandemic. Indirect participation, however, has continued to strengthen as reflected from a record-high monthly SIP inflow of Rs147bn last month. In this edition, we explore the transmission of the 250bps hike in the policy repo rate delivered by the RBI in the current cycle across different channels. We observe a significant diversion across them, with the money market and shortterm instruments witnessing a far bigger increase in yields as opposed to that seen in lending and credit channels. India seems to be on a strong footing amid an uncertain global backdrop, with economic growth showing resilience and inflation subsiding. Strong capex push by the Government over the last few years and healthy balance sheets of corporates and banks have facilitated the start of a long-awaited revival in private capex cycle. Improving capacity utilization and a strong medium-term demand outlook ensures sustenance of this recovery over the coming years. Not to mention, significant advancements made on the digitization front over the last few years have put India ahead of several large digital economies of the world and is likely to be a major driver of India’s growth over the next decade.    

May 2023 US consumer inflation is probably the world’s most observed economic indicator. Its relentless rise over the past three years has either been the driver, or signal for macro policy globally, with the policy response from central banks differing in degree not direction. While the sub-5% print might lead to hopes of a pause in the current cycle by the Fed, the US debt ceiling looms (again), with the pall of a default. That said, inflation across the world has shown welcome signs of easing over the past two months. Beyond macro, the G20 meetings through the year have helped us understand the role and importance of diplomacy in what seems to be an increasingly fragmented world. The forthcoming G7 meetings face the same headwinds. Geopolitics remains front and center in the mid-term global macroeconomic outlook. Global markets took comfort from macro tailwinds and on reduced contagion risks from US regional banks but eased after the strong gains of March. While we remember Silicon Valley Bank and lately First Republic, there are over 4000 commercial banks in the States, over 2100 of them with assets of US$300m, so no (further) news is good news for now, in this context.  Developed equities (MSCI World Index) rose by 1.6% in April (YTD: +8.4%; As on May 5th, 2023), while Emerging market equities (MSCI EM Index) ended the month 1.3% lower (YTD: +2.6%), with the latter weighed down by huge sell-off in Chinese equities. Indian equities outshined developed and emerging market counterparts in April. Resilient economic performance, an unexpected pause by the central bank for the first time since the commencement of rate hiking cycle last year, and a good start to the fourth quarter earnings season helped investor sentiments. Incrementally, attractive valuations brought back foreign investors. The Nifty50 Index ended the month 4.1% higher, with mid and small caps outperforming by a wide margin. Global debt showed a mixed performance in the month gone by. The US sovereign yield curve inverted further as elevated core inflation and a resilient job market kept short-end under pressure, while the long-end eased off marginally amid strengthening recession worries. Indian debt rallied further in April, as an unexpected policy pause, easing inflation and an anticipated moderation in global monetary policy tightening aided investor sentiments. India’s benchmark 10-year G-sec yield fell by 20bps in April on top of a 14bps decline in the previous month. Rising growth concerns have continued to weigh on the greenback, with the dollar index falling by another 0.9% in April (6M: -8.9%), thereby providing support to EM currencies including the INR (+1.1% against USD in 2023 till date). Precious commodities continued to rise on global financial contagion fears, while prices of agriculture, industrial and energy commodities remained under pressure.

March-April 2023 In our post-pandemic era that is replete with interesting stories of its own, the fall of Silicon Valley Bank and Credit Suisse in relatively rapid fashion and the uncertainty that followed brought back memories of 2008, and the foreboding sense of a GFC Redux. While such fears may have proven unfounded in the near term as investors realised SVB did not pose systemic risk, it was clear that the consequences of sudden withdrawal of expansionary monetary policy cannot be wished away and can be unexpected in where and when they hit. Central bankers are anxious not to repeat mistakes, but fear and uncertainty hurts credit flow and adds to the concoction of stubborn inflation, rising rates and geopolitical concerns. Recent worries on debt serviceability among countries have found mention in the latest IMF World Economic Outlook, where global GDP has been trimmed yet again, and a ‘hard landing’ with a ‘rocky recovery’ is expected. The RBI’s pause in the latest bimonthly MPC meeting is a case in point. While Governor Das made sure that it was a pause, but not a pivot, the challenges posed by a slowing economy (Growth in FY24 at 6.5% vs. 7.0% in FY23), and persistent inflation have not dissipated yet. That said, effects of the 250bps hike in rates beginning last year should be seen, and until then, a prudent pause made sense. Meanwhile, the war in Ukraine continues, with great power rivalry intensifying, and in the world of artificial intelligence promises come closer to our lives with the release of the GPT-4 LLM, an event important enough to elicit an unprecedented call for a pause on the training of such LLMs from people one would not call ‘Luddites’. Global equities marched higher in March despite volatility in the global banking sector induced by the SVB collapse in the US, followed by UBS’s takeover of Credit Suisse in Europe. The sharp sell-off seen in early March more than reversed over the rest of the month, on subsiding contagion fears. The rally was further fueled by strengthening expectations of a policy pivot amid easing inflation and a dovish Fed policy outcome. Developed equities (MSCI World Index) rose by 2.8% in Mar’23 (Q1 2023: +7.3%); emerging markets (MSCI EM Index) also performed in-line and ended 2.7% higher (Q1 2023: +3.5%). Indian equities paused, continuing to consolidate after the strong relative outperformance last year as rich valuations lured foreign investors to move to relatively cheaper investment avenues including China, Taiwan, and South Korea. On the positive side, strong Q3 corporate earnings, steady domestic participation and resilient economic performance limited the downside in Indian equities. The Nifty50 Index ended the month 0.3% higher even as it fell by a modest 0.6% in FY23, albeit much lower than 8.6% and 13.3% losses generated by developed and emerging market equities respectively. Global debt also bounced higher as easing inflation and banking crisis caused a shift in market expectations of a policy pivot from a pause to rate cuts in the latter part of the year. The benchmark 10-year sovereign bond yields across major developed markets fell 30-40bps last month. Indian debt moved in tandem, albeit less sharply so, weighed down by elevated inflation prints, followed by production cut announcement by OPEC+ in early April. The IMF’s WEO India’s growth targets have been lowered to 5.9% and 6.3% for this year and the next. Developed countries are expected to fare worse. While the Indian economy would continue to fare relatively better, a global slowdown would not leave us untouched either. As we have mentioned above and later on in the note, policy imperatives at this point need to keep the delicate balance between supporting growth and management of inflationary expectations. On that cautious note, we bring you the April edition of the Market Pulse. 

February 2023 As we adapt to some of the unfortunate events of 2022, viz., Russia-Ukraine war, persistent COVID scare, sky-rocketing inflation and tightening financial conditions, the consequences of some of which are going to be felt for long, the new year has brought in its own set of challenges. As if the humanitarian crisis caused by COVID and Russia-Ukraine war was not enough, the devastating earthquake in Turkey and Syria early this month—one of the deadliest in the history with a death toll over 50,000—shook the world, emphasizing more than ever the need to get serious about working together. What we have instead is a world more divided, with increasing recalcitrance about working towards a common purpose. Economic and market uncertainty has become a mainstay. A series of steep rate hikes last year has done little to bring down inflation in a meaningful manner, thereby casting a shadow on the future rate outlook. On the positive side, fears of a hard landing have nearly diminished as large economies continue to display resilience and sudden end to China’s zero-COVID policy paves way for a swifter-than-expected recovery—reflected in recent growth upgrades by the IMF.  Global equities responded positively to China’s swift reopening and rising odds of a slower pace of future rate hikes in the light of moderating inflation prints. While developed equities (MSCI World Index) gained 7% in January, emerging markets (MSCI EM Index) outperformed with a tad higher return of 7.9%, thanks to renewed investor optimism for Asian equities. Strong economic readings, however, played spoil sport in February, reversing the rally to some extent.  Indian equities, on the other hand, started the year on a weaker footing as muted earnings, business-group related news and stretched valuations weighed on sentiments. The Nifty50 Index underperformed the broader EM pack and ended the month 2.5% lower, thanks to renewed FII selling, even as strong inflows by DIIs provided some cushion. Tables, however, turned in February, with Indian equities outperforming EMs yet again by a wide margin, aided by a pro-growth Budget that had something for everyone, and sustained strength in economic fundamentals. While direct participation by retail investors has come off this year, as reflected from reduced net investment flows (Rs480bn during Apr-Jan’23 vs. Rs1.6trn/Rs684bn in FY22/21) and lower share in market turnover, indirect participation via the SIP route has remained strong. As per AMFI, equity mutual funds saw net inflows for the 23rd consecutive month in January, with net infusion at Rs125bn being the highest in last four months. This is also visible in a meaningful improvement in DII share in NSE’s cash market turnover this fiscal to 11.3%—the highest in at least 12 years.   Echoing the rally in equities, global debt also moved higher amid hopes of slower rate hikes, with 10-year yields for major developed markets falling by ~30bps in January. The rally, however, was short-lived as strong economic data in the US casted shadow on interest rate expectations. Indian debt remained under pressure ahead of the Union Budget, and sold off sharply in February, reflecting the impact of a hawkish 25bps rate hike, unfavorable global cues and a sharper-than-expected spike in inflation.  The Union Budget FY24 is a continuation of the Government’s pro-growth vision. Improvement in the quality of expenditure by bolstering capex (up 37% to Rs10trn), accompanied with continued transparency, has remained a focal point for yet another year. Notably, share of capex in Centre’s total expenditure at 22.2% is the highest in 24 years. This has been achieved with continued fiscal prudence, targeting a deficit of 5.9% in FY24BE (vs. 6.4% in FY23RE). The path to fiscal consolidation has been maintained, with a target of 4.5% for FY26. Additionally, tax benefits to middle class individuals, MSMEs and start-ups, absence of hike in capital gains tax as widely expected, and boost to the financial sector have been taken well by equity markets.  In a world facing an economic slowdown, the Indian economy stands apart for now, with steady domestic demand and macro fundamentals on a solid footing. Inflation remains a worry for now, and growth is likely to be lower than last year. However, it is higher than any large economy can expect this year, corporate balance sheets are well-placed, and as we have seen from the Union Budget, there is clarity about where to direct the fiscal impulse. Getting the economy back to its potential growth path requires nothing less. On that cautiously optimistic note we bring you the February blog.

With India poised to come up with its first green bond issue soon, it would be useful to have an introduction on this class of fixed income securities, which has been gaining currency with each passing year. Green bonds are classified as those securities, whose issue proceeds are utilized for financing or re-financing “green” projects i.e projects they are environmentally sustainable. Identification of projects to utilize proceeds from Green bond issues, is an important step to ensure market acceptability. The first such bond was issued by European Investment Bank in 2007 and these bonds were mostly issued by multilateral financial organisations like the World Bank, which has issued more than 200 green bonds. However, in last 5 years, many sovereigns have issued such bonds. Globally, investors look to invest in Green bonds, to meet their ESG mandate, while regulatory guidelines can serve as a nudge to move local investors towards such securities. Green bonds generally have a maturity like a conventional Government security and see a higher demand from investors compared to the conventional bonds, which is seen in higher price or lower yield. This premium is referred to as ‘greenium’. The Indian green bond issue size is likely to be INR 16000 Cr. (160 Billion) as part of the INR 5.92 lakh crore (5920 Billion) borrowing programme for H2 of FY’23. It would be interesting to watch out for the maiden Sovereign Green bond issue, as it may set the trend for issuances from India and other countries. Post the issue, Indian corporates are also likely to see better response for their Green bond issuances. 

January 2023  The worst year for global equities since the GFC, the year of the highest inflation in decades that began with a war (that continues today) and ended with a resurgent COVID in China—Most of us would be happy to see 2022 pass by. The new year should see respite on inflation, hopefully without a recession. China’s opening up has meant more to the world than its COVID figures, on the wane now. The Indian economy shone through the gloom last year, be it relatively high growth, or the benign markets. Steady macro fundamentals should see it weather the inimical macro environment this year, thanks to the rate hikes last year. The year 2022 concluded on a somber note for global equities—weighted down by a confluence of geopolitical (RussiaUkraine war, supply-chain bottlenecks), social (persisting COVID-induced uncertainty), economic (stagflation) and financial (tightened financial conditions) factors. Notwithstanding a significant rebound in Q4, developed (MSCI World: -19.5%) as well as emerging market (MSCI EM: -22.4%) equities ended the year with steep losses. Indian equities, on the other hand, outshined global markets (Nifty50: +4.3% in 2022), benefiting from relative economic resilience and strong domestic participation, with the latter more than making up for foreign capital outflows for yet another year. Last year was even more brutal for global debt that saw its worst performance in six decades. An unprecedented spike in global inflation, thanks to accentuated supply disruptions and rising food and fuel prices following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, forced central banks across the globe to hike aggressively, leading to record surge in global bond yields last year. The US Fed, Euro area’s ECB and UK’s BoE hiked respective policy rates by 425bps, 250bps and 340bps to highest levels since the GFC. The RBI was no different, pre-emptively raising the repo rate by 225bps in 2022 to 6.25%. Notwithstanding high chances of a recession, global equities as well as debt have started the new year on an optimistic note, as dampening inflation fears and prospects of reduced pace of future rate hikes, coupled with China reopening, have boosted investor sentiments. With relatively rich valuations, Indian equities have had a somewhat weak start. More on this in our market section in the report. India’s economic resilience is well visible in the recent macro data releases. With a GDP growth of 7% in FY23 as per the CSO’s first advance estimate, India remains one of the fastest growing large economies. As per S&P Global, India is set to overtake Japan and Germany to become the world’s third largest economy by 2030. Inflation is slowly coming off, albeit far more sharply on the wholesale side thanks to easing commodity prices. Core consumer inflation (ex food and fuel), however, remains sticky, pointing to strong demand impulses. Favorable business sentiments—as reflected in the recent PMI readings, and surging credit demand is a testament of the ongoing recovery in private investment cycle, notwithstanding high lending rates. On the negative side, a significant deterioration in global demand has weighed on India’s export performance, thereby adding to the external vulnerability. As such, INR ended the year as one of the worst performing Asian currencies (-11.3% against the USD). Even as the Centre has remained focused on promoting growth via higher capital expenditure, states have chosen the path of fiscal austerity. Based on our analysis of monthly accounts of 20 states, aggregate capex by states grew by a meagre 6.1% during the first eight months of the fiscal, despite a ~23% growth in revenue receipts. Read “Story of the month” for our detailed analysis on state finances. With the upcoming Union Budget 2023-24 (Scheduled for February 1st) being the last full-year budget ahead of the general elections next year, the Centre’s fiscal stance while ensuring tax stability and judicious expenditure mix, coupled with measures to spur private consumption and investment, will be keenly watched out for.

Nov-Dec 2022  The COVID pandemic seem to be back where it began, and in force, following China’s rapid opening up after extended lockdowns. Far from writing an epitaph of the pandemic, we are masking up. Even accounting for the pandemic years 2020 and 2021, this has been a year of pivots. Many of the prisms with which we see the world need to be changed. We began 2022 expecting domestic levers to help as the global economy turned less conducive, little realizing the titanic nature of the shift in the environment facing us, a geopolitical Zeitenwende. While countries tried to realign their strategic choices, Russia’s invasion of Ukraine raised food and fuel prices globally, exposing vulnerable countries (some of which collapsed, like Sri Lanka) and forced central banks left with low rates and expanded balance sheets in the wake of the pandemic to factor in an unprecedented rise in inflation. The Fed raised rates in February when it found inflation to be anything but transitory. The resultant hike in rates saw the worst first half in 50 years for global equities. Some countries like India bucked the trend, partly due to new trends in household participation in markets since the pandemic. Demat accounts across the two depositories now total over 106m, a far cry from 50m in Dec 2020, even as the incremental figures are tapering off now. The Fed action on cooling down the red-hot US economy (Quarterly GDP growth @7% in Jan 2022, inflation 9.1% in June’22) meant a recession with peak rates construed as levels that led to one. Expectations of a Fed ‘pivot’ in June buoyed markets, until higher inflation prints brought them back to terra firma. In the UK, the government briefly floated above it with its tax proposals, before market realities set in. On Climate change, it was a Zeitenwende too, as the COP27 for the first time agreed to a Loss and Damage Fund to countries most vulnerable to climate change. Such cooperation is needed across countries in the post-pandemic, new global order world rising rates and a global slowdown could lead to multiple defaults. India’s current presidency of the G20 could be an ideal platform to drive a supportive and inclusive agenda. Expectations on peak rates remain high towards the year-end, even though inflation remains high (7.1% in November in the US) as well. US markets remain ~19% down YTD, while the Indian markets are up ~5%. Not just equities, 2022 has been hard on global bonds as well, the rise in rates drew the curtains on a multi-decade bull market. As we have written earlier, inflation remains front and center for the global economy, going into 2023. More in our market and macro sections in the report. Domestic resilience now matters to an India in a slowing global economy. While the struggle with inflation is indeed ‘far from over’, there are a few silver linings in an otherwise cloudy firmament. The banking system is out of the assetquality cycle, with balance sheets well-capitalised and in a position to provide for corporate balance sheets with reasonable leverage. Fiscally, tax collections have picked up in a meaningful manner, allowing scope for support next year as higher cost of funds hit a nascent demand recovery. Household savings diversification across asset classes places them in a better position to face an era of shifting return profiles. Our November/December double bill contains multiple interesting research papers. We have a total of nine papers in this edition, adding up to a total of 49 papers this year across engagements with partners ISB, IIM-A and NYU, and the interest of brevity we would refrain from individual mention. The tenth instalment of our annual NSE-NYU Conference is now scheduled for March 2023. Kindly see the Insights section for more on this. As we write this note, the war is Ukraine continues, although in a direction not foreseen in February. The pandemic seems to have returned in force to where it began. The Fed is not done with rate hikes, and the likelihood of a US recession is greater than ever. Governor Kuroda’s surprise pivot this week has meant the BoJ is now in line with major central banks. The IMF’s forecast for CY23 at 2.7% could see further downgrades for most geographic regions. For the Indian economy, inflationary conditions, rising rates and a resultant growth overhang would be the base case, steering out of which would require all hands on deck. One hopes the pandemic stays in China, but previous experience from its spread in an interconnected world has been different.

October 2022  If September was a month of never-been-seen events, then October continues to be interesting.1 The Russia-Ukraine war continues for now along lines both expected and unexpected, the proposed tax cuts in the UK have been reversed, but not before extracting their pound of flesh, as Ms. Truss demits office. The global chip shortage could worsen with the latest round of US sanctions, inflation continues to be front and centre in the economic and market discourse, with implications for global food and energy availability, and the Economics Nobel to Messrs. Bernanke, Diamond and Dybvig reminds us of the importance of banks as financial intermediaries. A concept note on CBDCs by our own central bank brings them into mainstream thinking. Global equities as well as bonds sold off sharply in September as central banks, notably the US Fed, reaffirmed their commitment to fighting inflation that continues to persist at multi-decadal high levels. All major central banks, including the US Fed, ECB and Bank of England, raised interest rates by 50-75bps in the month gone by. The MSCI World Index (Developed Markets or DMs) fell by a steep 9.5% in September—the highest monthly loss since the onset of the pandemic, but has retreated marginally this month, thanks to favourable valuations and strong corporate earnings. India equities also ended in red last month but significantly outperformed EM as well as DM peers for yet another month, aided by relative economic resilience, falling crude oil and commodity prices and strong domestic participation. The benchmark Nifty 50 Index fell by 3.7% in September, followed by a modest 2.3% gain in October thus far (YTD: +0.8%). Yields across the board have hardened meaningfully over the last couple of months as markets started pricing in a significant hike in policy rates in the coming months in the light of central banks’ strong commitment to bring down inflation within target bands. The Indian debt market was no different, with yields rising across the curve, as depreciating INR and attendant risks to inflation, surge in global bonds yields and slashed hopes of inclusion of Indian debt in global bond indices weighed heavily on investor sentiments. The INR has been touching ever lower levels as the relentless rise in the USD hits currencies around the world, some much more so than the others. Relatively better external balances, however, moderated the decline, vis-à-vis EM peers. That said, INR’s REER remains elevated. Our Story of the Month this time tracks some of these key indicators. And while intermittent showers continue in October, our Chart of the Month couldn’t wait any longer and sums up the South-West monsoon for this year. Please see our macro section for more on the macro front. The World Investor Week was celebrated last week, under the aegis of IOSCO and SEBI. Two webinars were organized at the NSE and NSE-IFSC. We began with the ‘Role of International Financial Centres’ in Sustainable Investing, followed by ‘Responsibility of Investment Profession towards Sustainability’.  

September 2022  From optimism on a ‘pivot’ in July to caution in August to concern in September, markets have turned the corner in the last three months. A sequence of events points to hardening rates, further stress on EM and Frontier markets, and hardening of positions on the geopolitical front. The Fed’s 75bps hike with assurances of more to come, an entrenched slowdown in China—where growth has dipped below the rest of Asia for the first time since 1990—the announcement of a mobilisation drive in Russia, UK’s tax cuts—the steepest since 1972—and the resultant drop in the GBP, and a lifetime low for the INR stand out in an eventful month. Global developed equities resumed declines in August that intensified further in September. The MSCI World Index fell by 4.3% in August and by another 7.2% in September thus far (As on September 23rd, 2022), translating into a YTD loss widening to 24.5%. The emerging market (EM) pack outperformed in August and ended flat only to fall by a steeper 8.9% in September, with the YTD loss being only a tad higher at 26.5%. India equities continued to outshine global peers, supported by renewed foreign portfolio inflows, relative economic resilience and falling crude oil and commodity prices. The benchmark Nifty 50 Index rallied by 3.5% in August, followed by a 2.4% loss in September thus far. With a modest YTD loss of 0.2%, Indian equities have outperformed its DM as well as EM peers by a wide margin. Global debt markets have been reeling under pressure due to aggressive monetary tightening and hawkish forward guidance, with 10-year yields rising by 100-200bps across developed economies over the last two months. The Indian debt market, on the contrary, outperformed, with yields remaining steady at the short-end and falling at the long-end in August, thanks to renewed buying triggered by bond-inclusion news and low supply of SDLs and high-rated corporate bonds. The rally, however, was short-lived, with yields rising across the curve this month, and much more so at the short end, thereby leading to yield curve flattening further. Meanwhile, INR has touched record-high levels against the dollar (-8.9% YTD, as on Sep 23rd, 2022), thanks to persistent dollar strengthening, growth concerns and rising US yields. Please refer to our Market Roundup for more information on performance across asset classes/geographies. Our Chart of the month section this time looks at two inter-related themes. The first tries to assess the extent of policy transmission in the economy by examining movement of rates across market segments and comparing them with previous hiking/easing cycles. Our analysis shows that the transmission improved under the MCLR regime introduced in Apr’16, and more so post the introduction of EBLR in Oct’19. The second theme analysis the impact of tightened financial conditions on India Inc. Our assessment of the top 1000 NSE listed companies shows a steady drop in overall leverage over the last five years, making India Inc. better placed to weather the rising rate environment. However, MSMEs seem to be in a difficult position given their high dependence on bank borrowings (80% of debt) and greater EBLR-linked loans (58% of the total floating rate loans by SCBs). On the macro front, Indian economy grew at a four-quarter high of 13.5% in Q1 FY23, but missed market as well as RBI estimate by a wide margin. Industrial production growth also disappointed and grew by a modest 2.5% YoY, with the three-year CAGR faltering as well. Meanwhile, the headline CPI inflation snapped a three-month declining trend to climb back to 7% in Aug’22, breaching the RBI’s upper tolerance of 6% for the eighth month in a row. Merchandise trade deficit narrowed marginally but remained elevated at US$28bn in August. On the positive side, the South-West monsoon this year has recorded a 7% surplus vis-à-vis the long period average (LPA) till September 25th. Regardless of how many times we say it, the global economy is in an unprecedented state. Countries across the world are in varied levels of stress, and the interlinkages of the world we live in amplify that stress. Developed markets are overheating, emerging and frontier markets are having to tighten policy just after getting out of a global pandemic. India remains one of the economically resilient countries in this scenario. Fiscal and external balances remain in control, domestic demand continues to show signs of recovery, and the balance sheets of corporate and financial intermediaries have been through the trough. The next few quarters would help differentiate India further on the global stage.

August 2022 Market sentiments turned cautious in August, as questions on the US Fed’s next steps on arresting the inflation trajectory and linked recession fears returned, after July’s hopes on an earlier-than-expected ‘pivot’. While recent indicators have indeed pointed to an impending recession, wage growth in the US remains high enough to warrant further increases in policy rates. Inflation remains the focal point for central banks for now. For developed markets, the MSCI World Index fell 0.6% in August, and remains deep in the red this year (-15.5%). Emerging Markets fared similarly, with the MSCI EM index down 0.4% in August, 19.7% YTD, weighed down by the equity sell-off in China, where slowing growth in a zero-covid policy have weighed on sentiments, and the recent US$44bn stimulus announcement for an US$8.3trn economy underscored the need for balance between support and rising indebtedness. Thanks to investor optimism in the wake of relative economic resilience, and easing commodity prices, India has emerged as the best performing Asian market over the last couple of months, with the benchmark Nifty 50 Index rallying by 8.7% in July, followed by another 2.4% return in August thus far. FPIs (Foreign Portfolio Investors) turned modest buyers of Indian equities in July after nine months of incessant selling and bought equities worth US$5.7bn in August thus far—the highest monthly purchases in 20 months. With a modest YTD gain of 1.3% (As on August 23rd, 2022), Indian equities have outperformed its DM as well as EM peers. Global debt markets saw long-end yields falling sharply in July, reversing the trend seen over previous several months. The rally, however, was short-lived, with yields moving up in August as hawkish Fed minutes signalled further rate hikes ahead in their fight against inflation. The Indian yield curve continued to flatten with yields coming off at the mid and long end of the curve in July, and somewhat further in August, even as the short end continued to inch higher on expectations of front-loaded rate hikes, after the RBI’s 50bps hike earlier in August. Persistent dollar strengthening, along with rising recessionary concerns, has continued to weigh on EM currencies including the INR (-7.4% in 2022TD to 79.9 as on August 23rd, 2022). Please have a look at our Market Roundup for more information on the performance across asset classes and geographies. First quarter results of the listed universe continued to see top-line improvement on a continued recovery in investment demand and discretionary consumption, while an incomplete pass-through of input prices shrank margins and dragged operating performance lower. The Nifty50/Nifty 500 companies saw aggregate PAT growth 15%/19% in 1QFY23. Sector-wise, Financials saw improved asset quality, better lending rates and lower provisions; domestic sectors in general have benefitted from macro tailwinds, relative to global sectors (IT, Pharma, Commodities) that face a slowing macro environment. More detail in our Story of the month. Our Chart of the month section this time maps the digital transition of the Indian economy over the last few years. Regardless of your age bracket, the last few years can only be described as transformational, with the right use of technology leading to unprecedented development for the economy across multiple sectors. On the macro front, the index of industrial production rose 12.3% YoY in June, but importantly, the three-year CAGR at 2.2% is at 28-month high. CPI inflation for July remained above the 6% tolerance band for the seventh month running but was sequentially lower at 6.7%, with a narrower CPI-WPI gap as well. Food inflation remains high but dropped to a three-month low of 9.4%. Minutes of the RBI MPC showed a clear willingness to hike rates further, i.e., front-load them, even after the latest hike to 5.4% on the repo rate. Merchandise trade deteriorated further with deficit widening to an all-time high of US$30bn in July, and rains through the South-West monsoon this year were 9?ove the Long Period Average on August 23rd. Continuing with Behavioural Finance, we had a lively and informative conversation with Prof. Prachi Deuskar, again from the Indian School of Business, on her thought-provoking paper on Regret Theory using data from the Chinese equity markets. A recorded version of the webinar would be available soon. Our insight article tracks the advent of retail investors since the pandemic, spanning their activity and investment across segments of the market. Starting with the October 2021 edition of the Market Pulse we have continually explored this potentially long-term theme, based on India’s fundamentals and investor demographics. Our data section provides a rich set of data and insights across several dimensions. In the short term, markets and investor behaviour alike stand poised on central bank response to inflation.   

July 2022 Indian markets whipped around after a placid June, steadily rising through the month before profit-booking took some money off the table. Global markets followed a similar, albeit subdued trajectory after two months of negative returns, as expectations on the Fed raising interest rates by 75bps for the second consecutive month matched with recession worries in the US, followed by the rest of the developed world. Now that the Fed has indeed acted on expected lines, the trillion-dollar question is: If recession does materialize soon enough, would the central banks hike less than expected? And with that, would the relentless rise of the greenback stop? Inflation would continue to be the focal point for global central banks, but markets would do well with a lower dose of the bitter medicine of rates. Recession worries also weighed on commodities—Brent crude is down 6% in the month, and the greenback continues its inexorable rise, up 1.3% MTD, but 10% this year. The consequences of a hardening dollar range are visible in sovereign default (Sri Lanka), rising trade deficit (June trade deficit at an all-time high US$26bn), capital outflows (FX reserves down US$50bn and counting) etc. The S&P500 is up 4.1% this month (on July 25th)—rising through the month until the FOMC meeting scheduled later this week brought back the reality of a slowdown—but in 2022, the developed world remains close to bear market territory (-17% YTD), in 2022. Closer home, market benchmark NIFTY was up 5.4% for the month (as of July 25th), thanks to a pause in the hitherto relentless selling by FIIs (+US$53m MTD, vs. -US6.4bn in June, -US$28.3bn YTD), even as inflows from domestic players continued to ease, after two stellar years. The NIFTY is down 4.2% for the year, meaningfully divergent from the EM pack—the MSCI EM is down ~19.8% YTD. Part of this carnage is driven by dollar depreciation—the INR breached 80, and is down 7.3% for the year, and some of the EM counterparts have fared worse. The Euro and the Pound are down 10%, and the Yen, 18%. In line with the equity markets, global bond markets had a reckoning with the prospects of recession too, in their ongoing war against inflation. Rising rates across the board in the wake of tightening by global markets have led to the flattening of yield curves as markets account for a lower growth trajectory, eventually leading to an inversion, as the spread between the short- and long-end fell below zero. The US 2s10s—an early-warning indicator of a recession— briefly went negative in March—the first time since 2007—and then did so comprehensively in July. Would the US economy indeed go into a recession? If so, when, and would the rest of the world follow? Our Chart of the Month takes a deeper look at previous recessions in the US and the macro underpinnings surrounding such events. Indian markets reflected similar worries as the long end of curve eased despite the follow-through 50bps repo hike by the RBI in June. Our Market Round-up has more detail. We profile the primary markets in the country this month, in our Story. Capital raising through this important channel of the economy peaked out in FY22, after a steady seven years of growth. Rising rates led to debt mobilisations falling 23% to Rs6trn, while equities remained largely steady Rs2.3trn, but with a shift towards fresh listings and FPOs, by large companies. We also briefly discuss 10 years of SME listings since the platforms came up in 2012. On the macro front, industrial production remained high (+19.6%) on a low base, even as the realistic three-year CAGR growth remained at 0.6%. CPI inflation at 7% remained above the 6% tolerance bounds for the sixth month in a row, but has likely peaked out, with mild moderation, thanks to the excise duty cuts on auto fuels. Wholesale inflation fell to a three-month low of 15.2%, while the CPI-WPI gap widened. The RBI PMC minutes highlighted concerns on inflationary concerns becoming broad-based amidst optimism on growth. Members unanimously agreed to change the monetary stance to ‘withdrawal of accommodation’ to reflect the policy view going forward. Meanwhile the Southwest monsoon reached our shores in time and picked up after a sluggish overture. Overall rainfall has been above normal thus far, but quite divergent across states. It was a busy month on engagements, beginning with the NSE-ICRIER Conference on ‘Getting Agri Markets Right’ on July 6th, with a panel on optimal price discovery and risk management, and then another on the role of agri-tech start- ups and FPOs in the value-chain. Prof. Bidisha Chakrabarty from St. Louis University held forth on ‘Capital markets, trading and technology’ on July 11th. The NSE-Pahle India Foundation seminar series has had insightful sessions on ESG Ratings and on Green Bonds. Policy briefs from the discussions would be posted soon. A highly cited paper summarised by the CAF team at the Indian School of Business uses Bayesian Variable Selection and Markov Chain Monte Carlo to extract asset pricing characteristics from a set of 88 factors and then compares them with a few standard benchmark pricing models like CAPM and the Fama-French Five-Factor, and machine-learning based models using Principal Components and LASSO. Another highly cited paper summarised by the same team examines a facet of Kahneman and Tversky’s Prospect Theory, the disposition effect in behavioural finance, where investors sell profit-making assets while keeping loss-making ones.  Illustratively, rising retail interest in the markets has been one of the defining characteristics of the Indian markets for the past two years. Our detailed and regular provision of information on client category participation in the markets helps analyse this phenomenon in the light of the recent correction.

June 2022  The inflation problem is not going away, it would take a while for central banks to get it back under control, and the price to pay might just be a recession, unavoidable after all, despite all the assurances to the contrary. Interest rates across major economies would need to rise higher, and possibly faster, if a re-run of That ‘70s show of high inflation and stagnant growth is to be avoided. A 75bps hike by the Fed, the highest since 1994, and closer home, a 50bps hike by the RBI would not do the trick, not yet. Markets across the world have finally woken up to the reality of high inflation, tighter monetary conditions and slowing growth, with the sell-off in May getting protracted into June and meaningfully so. The S&P 500 index fell 11?rlier this month, getting to bear market territory before a bounce-back in the third week of the month. As we write, most global indices remain in the red. The MSCI World index is down 20% YTD, as of June 28th, and the MSCI EM index only marginally better, down 16.4%. Indian markets reflected the sell-off and pullback in global equities, but to a smaller extent, thanks to sustained buying by domestic institutions and retail investors. Market benchmark NIFTY50 corrected by 3% in May, underperforming both developed and emerging counterparts, and by a further 4.4% this month and is down 9.7% YTD. After a brief respite in May, global bonds saw an extended sell-off, driven by the Fed’s 75bps rate hike with a promise of more to come and increasing signs of a US recession sometime next year. This led to rising yields across the board and a flattening of yield curves across all major markets. The extended Russia-Ukraine conflict and the sanctions that followed looked set to result in a Russian bond default for the first time since 1998, given the inability to service payments through the global financial system. Closer home, the RBI’s 50bps hike earlier this month following a surprise off-schedule 50bps hike in early May contributed to the steady, front-ended rise in yields. The spread between the 10-year and the 2-year bond has dropped to levels last seen in Mar’20. More on what has been an eventful month in our Market Roundup. Market movements this year have been on broad themes of global macro-driven FII sell-off with increasing share of domestic players. Our quarterly analysis of the ownership trends of the market shows retail share at near 15-year high levels (9.7%), and the combined share of domestic institutions (Banks, Insurance, Mutual Funds) and retail at 21.7% now compares favourably with the institutional share of foreign ownership. Our analysis of exchange turnover across market segments shows retail investors to be net buyers for nine consecutive months to May’22. Our 4QFY22 earnings review finds topline growth of ~22% for the NIFTY500 universe, with net profits rising ~25%, led by commodity sectors (Materials, Energy), and Financials, even as the growth momentum now moderates further, with rising input costs and consumption slowdown disproportionately hurting the smaller companies. Consensus earnings have been revised downwards by 1.4%/1.9% for FY23/24 in 2022 thus far, with the NIFTY50 Earnings Revision Indicator now deep in the negative territory. Inflation may be the single most pervasive issue in the economy, but latest MOSPI data allows us to illustrate how it differs across states in the country. We juxtapose price levels in May’22 vs. a year ago and find significant difference in the spread of inflation across the country, with some stand-out categories like Fuel & Light. We also illustrate how states differ in capital formation and fiscal balances. On the macro front, 4QFY22 GDP at 4.1% (vs. 5.4% in 3Q) reflected Omicron-related restrictions and rising inflationary pressures. Overall growth for FY22 at 8.7% was on a low, negative base (-6.6% in FY21). Real GVA growth was lower at 8.1%, netting off the tax-subsidy gap created in FY21. We maintain our FY23E GDP estimate at 6.5% with risks skewed to the downside, amidst deteriorating macro conditions. The May’22 CPI inflation print of 7% may have moderated from April’s eight-year high of 7.8% but remained outside the RBI’s tolerance limit of the 4+-/2?nd. The RBI’s Consumer Confidence Survey now finds a steadily rising trend of both current and prospective inflation expectations. Our Insights section this month spans ESG, market indices and insightful whitepapers from the literature. The first article from the EPR team looks at the state of sustainability reporting in India and the evolution of the BRR into the BRSR framework we see today. Our next article examines India’s positioning from another important segment of the ESG value-chain, the asset managers. We compare India’s stewardship codes from various regulators with that of other countries, and the implementation by mutual funds. A new paper by the NSE Indices team provides a thorough performance evaluation of the NIFTY Non-Cyclical Consumer Index over short, medium and long-term horizons. A highly cited paper summarised by the CBS team at IIM Ahmedabad examines how foreign firms in emerging markets deal with policy uncertainty. Another summary by the team explores the impact of internet memes on investor sentiments. A highly cited paper summarised by the CAF team at the Indian School of Business introduces us to the technique of IPCA (Instrumented Principal Components Analysis) and how it outperforms conventional factor models in explaining cross-sectional returns. Another paper by the team informs us that market momentum does exist, even at an intraday level. Our call for the 2022 NSE-NYU Conference received well over a hundred applications. Final grant announcements, six in all, would be made by the middle of July. We look forward to welcoming you in December. Recovery since the pandemic has been divergent across developed and emerging economies, with the latter only belatedly returning to pre-pandemic levels. The steadily rising cost of capital would engender a recession for some, much worse for others. India’s macro fundamentals are on a relatively better footing, but the heady combination of rising rates, commodity prices and high inflation have brought back the spectre of the twin-deficit problem we had so happily left behind in 2013-14. In the last seven years, the Indian economy has come a long way, from a vulnerability perspective. Our forex reserves have more than doubled, there is hardly any oil subsidy to speak of overall trade has bounced back strongly after the pandemic, and the RBI’s liquidity management, supply of credit, and steering the economic growth trajectory during the pandemic was exemplary. We are in a much better position to face these headwinds. However, CPI inflation rose during the pandemic and then remained high, despite having an MPC with an inflation targeting framework in place since 2016. While the debate on the growth vs inflation trade-off continues, it is to be noted that rising and steady inflation levels relatively affect emerging economies more, and within them, their economically vulnerable sections. Facing the macro challenges of the next few quarters would involve a clear choice in that trade-off.

May 2022  It was a mere five months back that the world markets were celebrating a hat-trick of positive returns years, with major indices at life-time highs, having bested the worst of the Coronavirus pandemic, the US economy firing on all cylinders, and with the rest of the world following suit. The last five months have been a testimony to how things could go wrong even at the end of the tunnel. Runaway inflation breaching levels not seen in decades, finally made central banks sit up and take notice, including the RBI, on May 4th. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February, and the spread of virus in China were unforeseen events, as were the consequences. The Chinese lockdown of major urban centres exacerbated the impact on growth in the world’s second largest economy, while the failure to realise revanchist ambitions in Ukraine amplified the distortionary impact on several commodities, including those in the agricultural space. While incremental rate hikes are now a given, global markets continue to face the consequences of the increased political uncertainty in our world this year. Global equities had a landslide fall in April at the steepest pace in the last two years, with no signs of respite in May (MSCI World Index: -8.4% (April), -5% (May till date), YTD -17.8%). Ongoing geopolitical tensions that refuse to ease, continued supply-chain disruptions, COVID-induced lockdown in China and rising interest rates have all weighed heavily on investor sentiments, notwithstanding visible economic ramifications of some of these issues. Emerging markets (DM) outperformed the broader developed market (DM) pack and fell by a little lower 5.7% in April and 3.8% in May thus far (YTD: -16%), reflecting the impact of pick-up in risk aversion globally. Indian equities, while following suit, were relatively less impacted, reflecting the impact of strong buying by domestic institutional and retail investors, in turn providing some support amidst massive FII outflows. On the negative side, a sharp spike in recent inflation prints, expectations of more front-loaded rate hikes by RBI after the one delivered early this month and resultant surge in bond yields have added to investors’ caution. The Nifty 50 Index ended April with a loss of 2.1%, albeit much lower than its EM/DM counterparts, but is down 4.9% in May thus far (2022 YTD: -6.3%). Sell-off in global debt continued in April as worsening inflationary concerns have increased expectations of aggressive rate hikes by the US Fed, leading to yields rising across the board. Markets, however, saw some respite in May after Fed’s Chair indication of 75bps hike being off the table for now. After a 30-50bps hike in May, sovereign bond yields in the US remained somewhat steady or inched down marginally across the curve in the current month. Indian fixed income market is finally catching up, with yields rising sharply over the last month or so following RBI’s surprise rate hike, overshooting the movement in global bond yields by a wide margin. The sell-off has been far more intense at the short-end, leading to significant flattening of the yield curve. Meanwhile, EM currencies have remained under pressure amid continued dollar strengthening, with INR falling 4.3% against the USD to record-high levels in 2022 till date. On the macro front, inflation continued to rise and in an incrementally more broad-based manner, jumping to an eightyear high of 7.8% in April and surpassing the RBI’s upper bound for the fourth month in a row. This forced the RBI to go for an aggressive off-policy hike of 40 bps early this month, with expectations of more front-loaded hikes getting priced in. IIP growth at 1.9% in March was a tad higher than market expectations but provided dismal signs of recovery. Growth estimates are getting curtailed, with our estimate of 6.5% for FY23 being somewhat more sobering than the RBI’s 7.2% and the IMF’s 8.2%. Worsening global backdrop has increased India’s external vulnerability, as witnessed from widening trade deficit, flight of foreign capital away from Indian equities and depreciating rupee. Our estimates point to a huge deficit on the Balance of Payments this year following three good surplus years, even as our strong foreign exchange reserves position may provide some relief. Our Story of the Month this time decodes states’ fiscal profile in the post-pandemic recovery phase by analysing budgets of 20 states that account for more than 90% of the country’s GDP. Our analysis shows that while states’ have been a tad more optimistic on the revenue front, they have generally been in sync with the Centre on pushing capital expenditure. That said, the quality of finances varies significantly across states, and understandably so, with Gujarat projecting the lowest 1.6% fisc. in FY23 and Madhya Pradesh the highest at 4.6%. States’ reliance on market loans to fund their deficits has increased manifold since 2015, more so during the pandemic, and remains an area of concern. With ESG gaining significant prominence in India over the last few years, we started with the endeavour in the last edition of Market Pulse to touch upon important facets of an otherwise wide field of research. As usual, the Insights section of the Market Pulse brings to the table summarised versions of research done on some though-provoking ideas in the field of financial markets. Insights from academic papers from the field of behavioural finance include the first featured paper by Nadine Strauss and Christopher Holmes Smith that shows that market reactions are driven by business events and expectations rather than the follow-up reporting by financial news media. The second highly cited paper from the same field by Ferri et al. experimentally investigates on implications that human Fast trading has on market outcomes. The section also features two highly cited papers from the field of general financial markets. The first one by Freyberger et al. proposes a non-parametric methodology to identify characteristics that provide incremental information on cross-sectional returns. The second by Dyck et al. examines whether institutional investors drive corporate social responsibility by providing international evidence. We are now just one week away from the “Call for Papers” deadline for submission of research proposals under the NSE-NYU Stern Initiative. The last ten years have seen this initiative blossom into one of the top finance conferences in the country. Times of stress necessitate focus on what is relevant, and a methodical approach, and the task is cut out for the next few months. Policy imperatives would be based on getting inflation under control with the lowest exit rate on rates without losing track of a nascent recovery, supporting the recovery with the optimal fiscal impulse despite tightening rates and managing the impact of an external environment that might stay turbulent in the near term. 

April 2022 The Russia-Ukraine war has entered a phase where the immediate outcome—however unfortunate that might be—has begun to cede space to the longer-term consequences. A world getting inured to the outrage and reasoning about the war, its terrible imagery has now settled in, and it is time to think of how life would change in its aftermath. Markets across the world are waking up to the reality of runaway inflation and an impending slowdown that would hinder corrective action. Our fears and worries about a reality assessment in the March ’22 edition of the Market Pulse have now morphed into downgraded forecasts of global GDP by multilateral agencies, and in a sobering April for the markets thus far. The IMF now pegs global GDP growth for 2022 at 3.6%, down by 80bps, with prices slated to rise 7.4%. The World Bank expects 2022 growth to be 3.25%. Restricted supply from Russia—either due to the sanctions, or due to Moscow’s own punitive measures (cf. Poland and Bulgaria)—are likely to have debilitating impact on a fledgling global recovery, pushing already-high prices skyward, precipitating crises across countries. Sri Lanka today is reminiscent of the Middle East in the early 2010s when food shortages led to systemic changes. And lest the current events remind us of 20th century irredentism, other examples abound across the world. From a long-term perspective, the impact on the global economy would also be driven by redefined alliances in the wake of the Ukraine war. Following a near-full recovery in March with a 2.5% gain, developed market equities (MSCI World Index) witnessed a landslide fall in April at the steepest monthly pace (-8%) in last two years. The EM pack continued to underperform their DM counterparts, falling by 2.5% in March and by another 8.6% in April thus far(As on April 27th, 2022). In addition to the Russia-Ukraine war and its unfortunate consequences, global markets have had to worry about another overhang, the impending slowdown in China, where major cities and industrial region remain under watch under the ‘zero-COVID’ policy followed there. Indian equities have tracked global markets in terms of heightened volatility but have meaningfully outperformed emerging as well as developed market equities this year and that too by a wide margin. This has been supported by strong inflows by domestic institutional investors over last several months that have far exceeded massive outflows by FIIs. Sustained accommodative stance by the RBI, near-complete re-opening of the economy and strong fiscal support have kept sentiments of domestic investors buoyant. The Nifty 50 Index ended March with a gain of 4%—the highest in seven months but has fallen by 2.4% in April thus far (2022 YTD: -1.8%), primarily led by the IT sector. Sell-off in global debt markets has gained further strength in the wake of worsening inflationary pressures owing to the Russia-Ukraine standoff and aggressive rate hike stance by the US Fed. The US 1–5-year treasury yields have risen by a steep 150-185bps in 2022, while the 10-year yield has moved up by 132bps to 2.8% (As on April 27th). Yields in other developed economies have also seen a sizeable jump but not as steep as seen in the US. Indian fixed income markets have remained under pressure too, with yields rising across the board, albeit by a much lower quantum. This possibly reflects muted expectations of a faster rate hiking cycle ahead despite a hawkish RBI tone in the April policy, thanks to the prevailing slack in the economy. Strong dollar, rising crude oil prices, worsening geo-political tensions and a hawkish Fed have all weighed on EM currencies including the INR (-2.95% in 2022TD to 76.5). On the macro front, inflation continues to rise (6.95% in Mar’22), surpassing the RBI’s upper bound for the third month in a row. This forced the RBI to shift their narrative from growth to inflation in the April policy and raise inflation forecast for FY23 by a steep 120bps to 5.7%. There has been clear moderation in growth momentum—Manufacturing PMI in March came in at six-month lows; IIP growth at 1.7% in February fell short of market expectations. This has led to downgrades in growth forecasts across the board. Our estimate of FY23 GDP growth of 6.5% is far more sobering than the RBI’s 7.2% (down from 7.8%) and the IMF’s 8.2% (down from 9.0%) and assumes a rather severe impact of the ongoing geopolitical crisis on global trade and inflation. India’s external vulnerability has shot up meaningfully, with our estimate suggesting a widening of current account deficit by 170bps to 3.5% in FY23 if crude averages at $100/bbl. This may impart depreciating bias to the INR, even as India’s strong foreign exchange reserves and active intervention by the RBI may provide some downside support. As usual, the Insights section of the Market Pulse affords serious thought with its ideas. In this edition, we try and touch upon an important facet of ESG—the ESG reporting in India, it’s evolution over the years and transition to the much-awaited Business Responsibility and Sustainability Report (BRSR). With more quantitative and standardized disclosures on ESG parameters, the BRRR enables better comparability across sectors, companies, and markets. Insights from academic reports include the first featured paper by Daniel W. Richards and Gizelle Willows that examines how trading behaviour of individual investors varies across days and times within a day. The authors suggest that individuals gain more information during weekends, leading to higher frequency of trades on a Monday morning. Two other highly cited papers explore interesting ideas; the first analyses the underlying drivers of a mutual fund’s activeness and its performance and the second attempts to answer whether market timing affects capital structure. While we are on insights, it would be remiss on our part not to reiterate our call for research proposals under the NSENYU Stern Initiative. The last ten years have seen this initiative blossom into one of the top finance conferences in the country. Events of the past two months may have been sobering for the world in large; the greatly increased uncertainty adds to the two other game-changing trends of our time. Climate change as a theme, and secondly, the accelerated impact of technology in our lives. The lives of billions would be defined by these three in the near to medium future, and countries would be differentiated by their response. For all the current pain, India could among those that stand out.

March 2022  Amidst the relatively fertile area of opinion and received wisdom in the immediate aftermath of the Russia-Ukraine conflict was the almost universal agreement on its duration, given the perceived imbalances in the military balances. As the war enters a second month and has yet to show signs of any resolution, commentary and forecasting based on peace returning after a short, terrible war needs to be realigned with reality. One month on, crude prices remain on the boil, despite the marginal drop in risk premium. Natural gas, food, and commodity indices in general have remained elevated, and little seems to have changed in the underlying causes that led to these conditions. The sanctions imposed by the West on Russia have only expanded in scope, without a peak in sight, and seem unlikely to be ephemeral in any way. Despite the relatively small size of the two economies in terms of GDP, their impact on energy and food prices is likely to disproportionate. For instance, Russia accounts for ~30% of global crude and natural gas production; Ukraine and Russia together account for a third of global wheat exports. Our Chart of the month is a quick study on the impact of Russia and Ukraine in global trade, and good measure, their linkage with India. For global central banks, the need to contain inflationary expectations remains, partly exacerbated by negative real rates that may not help anchor them. The US Fed’s 25bps hike earlier this month with six more to follow, and later commitment to go even more hawkish as necessary shows where we are, now. In this concoction we can mix in a Chinese slowdown, engendered by their zero-COVID policy. China’s growth target of 5.5% this year is the lowest in decades and could still be out of reach. For the rest of the world, a not-yet-post-pandemic recovery gets an extension with negative results. The response from fiscal (spend even more?) and monetary policy (delay tightening or worry about inflation) worldwide would be divergent, and may not yield the right results, in the absence of a concerted effort. Longer-term tendencies towards autarky, and the resultant impact of supply-chain efficiency would be only of the many unintended consequences of a great-power geopolitical conflict. The IMF’s current forecast for global growth in 2022 is 4.4% but could see downgrades by the April WEO. “May you live in interesting times”, as the Chinese say. Please see our Story of the month, “Escalating Russia-Ukraine tension add to stagflation woes”. While the MSCI World Index is down 2.7% in February and 6.8% in 2022 thus far (As on March 23rd, 2022), EM equities have underperformed, with the MSCI EM Index falling by a tad higher 3.1% in February and 7.4% in the year thus far. Indian equities tracked global markets and sold off sharply in February owing to intensified geo-political tensions, rising commodity prices and attendant inflationary pressures and aggressive rate hike outlook of global central banks, particularly the US Fed. This was partly offset by sustained accommodative stance by the RBI, a credible growth focused Union Budget, and resilient corporate earnings. The Nifty 50 Index ended February with a loss of 3.2%, but has risen by 2.7% in March thus far, contrasting EM peers. Gains over the last month have been primarily led by commodity-oriented sectors that have benefited from a spike in global commodity prices. Mid- and small-caps have sharply underperformed this year, pointing towards a strengthened risk-off environment. Strong buying by domestic institutional investors (DIIs) has failed to make up for heavy selling by foreign capital outflows over the few months. Global debt markets remained afflicted by aggravated inflationary pressures and aggressive rate hike stance by the US Fed, with yields rising across the spectrum. The selling was far more intense at the short end of the curve, with the US 1–5-year treasury yields rising by a steep 110-140bps in 2022 thus far, while 10-year yield has risen by 82bps to 2.3%. Other developed economies also saw yields inching up sharply, with German and UK 10-year bond yields rising by more than 60bps in 2022 thus far. India fixed income markets has remained under pressure too, albeit not as intensely, thanks to the RBI’s easy policy stance and incrementally strengthened dovish rhetoric. Strong dollar, rising crude oil prices, worsening geo-political tensions and a hawkish Fed have all weighed on EM currencies including the INR (-2.3% in 2022TD to 76.3). On the macro front, inflation continues to rise (6.1% in Feb’22), steadily undermining the assumptions of the RBI MPC that led to a 4.5% figure for FY23. Despite the arguments against imported inflation in food, this component of the basket has been rising for five consecutive months. The general direction of wholesale inflation in the country remains due North, since August 2020. What is also worrisome is that core inflation has been inching higher on a sequential basis. Third quarter GDP at 5.4% missed expectations and could be heralding more woe as aggregate demand reels under input costs rising faster than incomes. January IIP print at 1.3% (two-year CAGR at 0.4%) outlined the problem well. The April meeting of the RBI MPC promises to be interesting. As usual, the Insights section of the Market Pulse affords serious thought with its ideas. The first featured paper by Mrinal Mishra and Steven Ongena studies how loan off-take behaviour is affected by a novel event: Conflicts. While the disbursement of loans does not change, the cost of lending does. Another paper by Shohini Kundu and Nishant Vats examines the geographic variation in investment, not through agglomerative forces like the availability of factors of production, or a favourable geographical location, but through history. Does where you end up really depend on where you began? Two other highly cited papers explore interesting questions: How does founding-family ownership relate to firm performance, and if momentum in stock prices is really what it is. Speaking of ideas, an interesting one is the so-called Amara’s Law. It posits that we tend to overestimate the impact of new technology in the short run, but we underestimate it in the long run. In other words, there are high hopes attached to a new idea, only to see the dashed over the course of the next few years, at which point the changes wrought by it really ‘move the needle’. There are several examples in the past, like the telephone, steam engines and computers in the past, all with promise, then disappointment, and eventual transformational change. Experience does not necessarily lead to wisdom, however. Amara’s law could be equally true today for the distributed ledger, digital currencies, ADAS and climate change. And why technology, indeed. Consider the Russia-Ukraine conflict in the same prism, and the world no longer looks the same.

February 2022  “There are decades when nothing happens; and there are weeks when decades happen”. Lenin’s well-known quote is often invoked for situations when global events seem to be getting ahead of us. Arguably the world around has never remained static, even geopolitically (US leaving Afghanistan in ’21), but the Russia aggression in Ukraine would rank right up there. As we note in our Market Roundup section, the macro implications of the Russia-Ukraine conflict are likely to be far-reaching, reflecting in commodities and risk assets in general already, amid higher volatility across the board. Developed markets underperformed emerging markets (EMs) in January 2022—the first time in three months. While the MSCI World Index ended the month 5.3% lower, MSCI EM Index outperformed with a smaller loss of 1.9%. Selling continued in February, with MSCI World and MSCI EM Indices falling by 3.3% and 5.5% respectively in February thus far (As on February 24th, 2022). Indian equities moved in tandem with the broader EM pack, with modest selling in January that intensified in February amid rising geo-political tensions, reducing earnings growth momentum, and worsening domestic growth-inflation trade-off. This was partly offset by abating fears on the COVID front leading to continued unlocking of the economy, a credible growth-focused Union Budget and unchanged policy stance by the RBI. The Nifty 50 Index ended January with a modest loss of 0.1%, outperforming its EM Peers, but has fallen by 5.3% in February thus far, led by a broadbased sell-off. Mid- and small-caps have sharply underperformed this year, pointing towards a strengthened risk-off environment. Strong buying by domestic institutional investors (DIIs) has failed to make up for heavy selling by foreign capital outflows over the few months. Apart from geopolitical news, rising inflation kept global fixed income securities on the hook, with yields rising through the term structure, leading from the front. US 1-5 year treasuries have risen 60-80bps YTD, while the 10-year have jumped 47bps to pre-pandemic levels of 2%. The RBI’s unexpectedly dovish policy stance kept the lid to some extent on Indian paper, with antipodean effects, short-term yields stayed largely flat, while renewed growth concerns and heavy supply of government paper this year (FY23 fisc at 6.4% with new borrowing at Rs14.9trn) saw the 10-year yield rise 30bps. The pandemic continues to be clearer in the rear-view mirror, with the overall caseload in the country expected to drop below 100,000 soon. What is important now is the trajectory of the recovery that the economy would take and here, the RBI’s call to provide support for growth amidst global inflation and shying away from guidance on the planned path of policy normalisation bears testimony to the state of aggregate demand. The RBI expects FY23 GDP growth at 7.8%, a tad higher than our estimate of 7.5%, but lower than the 8.5% posted by the Economic Survey. Notwithstanding a potential improvement in growth recovery, headline consumer inflation is expected to moderate in FY23, with RBI’s estimate for the fiscal pegged at 4.5%—lower than our estimate of 5%. Barring the Russian roulette in Ukraine, global central banks have been on the tightening path, and the RBI runs the risk of falling behind the curve on inflation, potentially exposing the economy to more stringent raises going forward. Case in point, crude prices have increased by 17% since November last year, but pump prices have fallen by 13%, thanks to continued excise duty cuts. The Union Budget FY23 is a continuation of the Government’s pro-growth vision and lays out a blueprint to drive India’s growth trajectory over the next 25 years (‘Amritkal’). There is a strong focus on supporting capital formation to guide the economy through the recovery from the damage caused by the COVID-19 pandemic until private investment resumes. The budget, however, refrained from announcing any direct sops for boosting consumption. At 6.9% of GDP, the revised fiscal deficit for FY22 is a tad higher than the budgeted estimate of 6.8%. Please see our detailed analysis. Our analysis of corporate earnings in the third quarter of the fiscal finds weak domestic demand, thanks to recurring COVID spells, continued supply-chain disruptions, and intensifying input cost pressures. Top-line growth YoY has dropped from 41% in June’21 to 28% in September and now, a still respectable, but a lower 25%. Corporate earnings this year of the top 200 covered companies is now pegged at 41%/22% over FY22/23, a 31?GR that’s primarily led by commodities. Our analysis has many more interesting details across sectors, across all three levels (top-line, profits and margins). The Insights section has multiple interesting papers. The first by Majumdar and Singh (2020) finds communication on COVID-19 by firms across sectors to help in reducing information asymmetry. A highly cited paper by Forbes and Rigobon (2002) analyses contagion across markets and makes the subtle point that the increased interconnectedness seen during times of crises that we consider contagion could be largely explained by the correlation brought about by inevitably increased volatility during such periods. On a lighter note, if wars and related disruptions to the markets weren’t enough, a paper by Edmans, Garcia and Norli (2007), using a cross-sectional study across 39 countries finds that loss in an international football match has an economically and statistically significant negative effect on a country’s stock market. We live in interesting times, regardless of the antecedents of the expression. Thanks to the pandemic, or despite it, the world we live has changed substantially in the last few years, and such changes are not done yet.

January 2022  Global markets completed a hat-trick of positive annual returns in 2021; the Indian market’s 24.1% return was the best in four years, even as the Omicron variant of the Coronavirus spread like no other. Our sanguine expectations on this variant from the last month’s Market Pulse have been only partially realised, however. Overall caseload in India continues to remain well above 250,000 daily, just shy of the Second-wave peak, but with a fraction of the deaths (~570 now vs. 4000 then). However, the sheer spread of the variant is high enough to push casualties up—deaths remain on an upward trend. Unlike the last time, the spread is very different across states this time. A similar phenomenon is also being seen globally, where the daily caseload at 3m+ is over 3x the second wave. Daily casualties remain substantially lower but are on a rising trend. What’s more, substantial divergence remains across countries. The new year—third in the pandemic—allows us to pause and reflect on the macro environment likely in 2022. Growth is likely to turn less conducive after two years with rising rates (IMF estimates 2022 growth to be 4.4% vs. 5.9% in 2021), with vaccine shortages (and inequity) likely to continue across large parts of the world. The geopolitical environment has also warmed up, on tensions with Russia in Ukraine. In a panoply of charts, our Story of the Month lays the global macro background, complete with indicators across multiple sectors, and then proceeds to build an outlook for the Indian economy in FY23. The last word on the pandemic remains to be said, but markets have woken up to the reality of life after it. Capping a sterling 2021, when the MSCI World Index rose 20.1%, January has been a reality check. A trifecta of rising expectations of rapid monetary tightening amid high and rising input costs across the board, expensive valuations and geopolitical tensions have roiled markets. Developed market equities are down 7-8% YTD, while EM equities have extended last year’s losses. Closer home, market benchmark NIFTY 50 is down 0.4% (As of January 25th, 2022). FIIs remained net sellers of Indian equities for the third month in a row in December, with net outflows at US$2.5bn—the highest monthly outflows since March 2020, translating into net outflows of US$3.9bn in FY22 thus far (Apr-Dec 2021). Fixed income markets reflected similar worries, with short-term yields rising in anticipation of the change in monetary policy stance, while the long end of the curve remained sensitive to lingering growth concerns. The Union Budget FY23 would be presented within a week, on February 1st, and for a reflective market, also happens this time to be closer to elections in five states. Our Chart of the Month takes a closer look at historical data since 1997 and finds that while equity indices have tended to be range-bound about the Budget, with a decline in volatility. Could this time be different? On the macro front, The CSO’s advance estimates for FY22 at 9.2% is marginally lower than our 9.5% and expects overall output to surpass pre-COVID levels this year. While private consumption continues to lag, investment growth at 15% is good news for a sustained recovery. Nominal GDP—important for budgetary calculations—is pegged at 17.6%, meaningfully higher than the budgeted 12.9%. Growth seems to have lost some momentum in the second half, particularly in contact-intensive services, possibly reflecting the impact of rising Omicron spread and renewed restrictions as well as persistent supply-side bottlenecks. Meanwhile, retail inflation continues to rise., up 70bps MoM to 5.6% in December, with core inflation staying put at 6.2%. The trade deficit in December remained high at US$21bn, but with both components higher. Apart from these we also have on current account deficit (expect 1.6% of GDP for FY22) and the fiscal deficit. There are four papers in the Insights section, two from the NSE-NYU Conference 2020. The first paper by Kalimipalli, Marisetty and Ramachandran offers a sobering assessment of capital infusion into public sector banks. Based on data over the period 2008-19, the authors rule out unequivocal evidence of such infusions lowering the systemic risk in these banks. The second paper by Gatchev, Seth, Singh and Vishwanatha finds a reassuring drop in price variability of IPO stocks after price limits were introduced by SEBI in 2012. A highly cited paper Sensoy (2009) considers the need for ideal measures of fund performance, with results that over 30% of diversified US MFs had a mismatched benchmark in their prospectus (then), potentially aligned with fund managers’ incentives to improve cash-flows. The last paper by Kozak, Nagel and Santosh take a bold step towards characterising stock market returns, but not through the standard three- or four-factor return models, with a bevy of models to estimate the stochastic discount factor (SDF) coefficients for models with many (50+) factors. Our theme of this month’s Pulse is life after the pandemic. The central banks seem to have woken up to the reality of high-inflation post-pandemic world, with implications for both monetary policy and growth. Overall debt levels across the world have shot up in addition, thanks to the liberal fiscal stimuli. India’s relatively fiscally conservative stance, coupled with easy monetary policy has worked well thus far. As seen in the CSO’s estimates, however, our PFCE (that’s Private Final Consumption Expenditure) remains anaemic. That needs to change going forward for the fledgling recovery to sustain; the Union Budget FY23 might just act as the catalyst here.